Observations/Interferometry: Difference between revisions

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== Interferometry (under construction) ==
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== Interferometry ==
[[Image:SimpleInterferometer.jpg|right|200px]]
[[Image:SimpleInterferometer.jpg|right|200px]]
Interferometry makes use of the principle of superposition to combine waves in a way that will cause the result of their combination to have some meaningful property that is diagnostic of the original state of the waves. This works because when two waves with the same frequency combine, the resulting intensity pattern is determined by the phase difference between the two waves—waves that are in phase will undergo constructive interference while waves that are out of phase will undergo destructive interference. Waves which are not completely in phase nor completely out of phase will have an intermediate intensity pattern, which can be used to determine their relative phase difference. Most [[Tech/Interferometer|interferometers]] use light or some other form of electromagnetic wave.
Interferometry makes use of the principle of superposition to combine waves in a way that will cause the result of their combination to have some meaningful property that is diagnostic of the original state of the waves. This works because when two waves with the same frequency combine, the resulting intensity pattern is determined by the phase difference between the two waves—waves that are in phase will undergo constructive interference while waves that are out of phase will undergo destructive interference. Waves which are not completely in phase nor completely out of phase will have an intermediate intensity pattern, which can be used to determine their relative phase difference. Most [[Tech/Interferometer|interferometers]] use light or some other form of electromagnetic wave.


<!--T:2-->
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+ Interferometry Experiments
|-
! Link !! Name !! Year
|-
| [[Observations/Interferometry/Michelson–Morley|Michelson–Morley]] || Michelson–Morley experiment || 1887
|-
| Sagnac, Georges || The existence of the Lumiiferous Ether || 1913
|-
| Michelson Gale Pearson || Michelson–Gale–Pearson || 1925
|-
| [[Observations/Interferometry/Dayton Miller|Dayton Miller]] || Dayton Miller|| 1902 - 1933
|-
| [[Observations/Interferometry/Dufour and Prunier Experiment|Dufour and Prunier]] || A. Dufour and F. Prunier || 1942
|-
| P.A.M., Dirac || P.A.M., Dirac || 1951
|-
| Yuri Mikhailovi Galaev || Galaev, Yuri Mikhailovi || 2001, 2002
|-
| James DeMeo || DeMeo, James || 2004
|-
| Ruyoung Wang; Zheng, || Wang, Ruyoung; Zheng, || 2004
|-
| Hector A Munera || Munera, Hector A; || 2006
|-
| Robert Bennett || Robert Bennett || 2014
|-
| Beverly Rubik, || Beverly Rubik || 2018
|-
| Gocho Sharlanov || Gocho Sharlanov || 2020
|}


===References for the Interferometry experiments=== <!--T:3-->
===Michelson–Morley experiment===
1887, tests of earths motion around the sun, to deduce that motion through the aether


<!--T:4-->
[https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_Relative_Motion_of_the_Earth_and_the_Luminiferous_Ether The Relative Motion of the Earth and the Luminiferous Ether (1881)]


<!--T:5-->
===Michelson–Gale–Pearson experiment===
[https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/On_the_Relative_Motion_of_the_Earth_and_the_Luminiferous_Ether On the Relative Motion of the Earth and the Luminiferous Ether (1887)]
1925


<!--T:6-->
[[:File:1887_Michelson_and_Morley_On_the_Relative_Motion_of_the_Earth_and_the_Luminiferous_Ether.pdf|Michelson, A. A. and E. W. Morley (1887). "On the Relative Motion of the Earth and the Luminiferous Æther." American Journal of Science s3-34(203)]]


<!--T:7-->
===Sagnac effect===
[[:File:1913_Sagnac_G_The_Existence_of_the_Luminiferous_Ether_Demonstrated_by.pdf|Sagnac, G. (1913). "The Existence of the Luminiferous Æther Demonstrated by Means of the Effect of a Relative Æther Wind in an Uniformly Rotating Interferometer."]]


<!--T:8-->
[[:File:1919_Joint_Eclipse_meeting_of_the_Royal_Society_and_the_Royal_Astronomical_Society.pdf|Thomson, S. J. (1919). "Joint Eclipse Meeting of the Royal Society and the Royal Astronomical Society." The Observatory 42]]


<!--T:9-->
[[:File:1925_Michelson_and_Gale_The_Effect_of_the_Earth's_Rotation_on_the_Velocity_of_Light_pt_I.pdf|Michelson, A. A. and H. G. Gale (1925). "The Effect of the Earth's Rotation on the Velocity of Light." Nature 115(2894)]]


<!--T:10-->
===References===
Michelson, A. A. and E. W. Morley (1887). "On the Relative Motion of the Earth and the Luminiferous Ether." American Journal of Science s3-34(203): 333.
[[:File:1925_Michelson_and_Gale_The_Effect_of_the_Earth's_Rotation_on_the_Velocity_of_Light_pt_II.pdf|Michelson, A. A. and H. G. Gale (1925). "The Effect of the Earth's Rotation on the Velocity of Light II." The Astrophysical Journal 61]]


<!--T:11-->
Sagnac, G. (1913). "The Existence of the Luminiferous Ether Demonstrated by Means of the Effect of a Relative Ether Wind in an Uniformly Rotating Interferometer."
[[:File:1925_Miller_D_C_Ether-Drift_Experiments_at_Mount_Wilson.pdf|Miller, D. C. (1925). "Æther-Drift Experiments at Mount Wilson." Nature 116(2906)]]


<!--T:12-->
Michelson, A. A. and H. G. Gale (1925). "The Effect of the Earth's Rotation on the Velocity of Light." Nature 115(2894): 566-566.
[[:File:1930_Miller_D_C_Ether_Drift_Experiments_in_1929_and_other_Evidences_of_Solar_Motion.pdf|Miller, D. C. (1930). "Æther Drift Experiments in 1929 and other Evidences of Solar Motion." Journal of the Royal Astronomical Society of Canada 24]]


<!--T:13-->
Michelson, A. A. and H. G. Gale (1925). "The Effect of the Earth's Rotation on the Velocity of Light II." The Astrophysical Journal 61: 140.
Pound, R. V. and G. A. Rebka (1960). "Apparent Weight of Photons." Physical Review Letters 4(7): 337-341.


<!--T:14-->
Miller, D. C. (1925). "Ether-Drift Experiments at Mount Wilson." Nature 116(2906): 49-50.
Pound, R. V. and J. L. Snider (1965). "Effect of Gravity on Gamma Radiation." Physical Review 140(3B): B788-B803.


<!--T:15-->
Miller, D. C. (1930). "Ether Drift Experiments in 1929 and other Evidences of Solar Motion." Journal of the Royal Astronomical Society of Canada 24: 82.
Earman, J. and C. Glymour (1980). "The Gravitational Red Shift as a Test of General Relativity: History and Analysis." Studies in History and Philosophy of Science Part A 11(3): 175-214.


<!--T:16-->
A. Dufour, F. P. (1942). "On a Fringe Movement Registered on a Platform in Unformation Motion." J. de Physique. Radium Radium 3, 9: 153-162.
Beckmann, P. (1987). Einstein Plus Two, Golem Press.


<!--T:17-->
Galaev, Y. M. (2001). Etheral Wind in Experience of Millimetric Radiowaves Propagation.
Wolf, P. and G. Petit (1995). "Relativistic Theory for Clock Synchronization and Realization of Geocentric Coordinate Times." Astronomy and Astrophysics 304: 653.


<!--T:18-->
Galaev, Y. M. (2002). "Measuring Ether-Drift Velocity and Kinematic Ether Viscosity within the Optical Waves Band." Spacetime and Substance 3(5): 207 - 224.
Marmet, P. (2000). "The GPS and the Constant Velocity of Light." Acta Scientiarum.


<!--T:19-->
Wang, R., Y. Zheng and A. Yao (2004). "Generalized Sagnac Effect." Physical Review Letters 93(14).
Ruyong, W. (2000). Re-examine the Two Principles of Special Relativity and the Sagnac Effect Using GPS' Range Measurement Equation. IEEE 2000. Position Location and Navigation Symposium (Cat. No.00CH37062).


<!--T:20-->
Múnera, H. A., et al. (2006). Observation During 2004 of Periodic Fringe-Shifts in an Adialeiptometric Stationary Michelson-Morley Experiment.
Ching-Chuan, S. (2000). A Local-Æther Model of Wave Propagation Complying with the Sagnac Correction in the Global Positioning System. IEEE Antennas and Propagation Society International Symposium.


<!--T:21-->
Bennett, R. (2014). "A Landmark Experiment: The Linear Sagnac Test of Ruyong Wang."
Galaev, Y. M. (2001). Ætheral Wind in Experience of Millimetric Radiowaves Propagation.


<!--T:22-->
Beckmann, P. (1987). Einstein Plus Two, Golem Press.
Galaev, Y. M. (2002). "Measuring Æther-Drift Velocity and Kinematic Æther Viscosity within the Optical Waves Band." Spacetime and Substance 3(5): 207 - 224.


<!--T:23-->
Marmet, P. (2000). "The GPS and the Constant Velocity of Light." Acta Scientiarum.
Wang, R., Y. Zheng and A. Yao (2004). "Generalized Sagnac Effect." Physical Review Letters 93(14).


<!--T:24-->
Stephan, J. G. G. (2012). GPS and the One-Way Speed of Light.
Múnera, H. A., et al. (2006). Observation During 2004 of Periodic Fringe-Shifts in an Adialeiptometric Stationary Michelson-Morley Experiment.

Ruyong, W. (2000). Re-examine the Two Principles of Special Relativity and the Sagnac Effect Using GPS' Range Measurement Equation. IEEE 2000. Position Location and Navigation Symposium (Cat. No.00CH37062).


<!--T:25-->
Gezari, D. (2009). "Experimental Basis for Special Relativity in the Photon Sector."
Gezari, D. (2009). "Experimental Basis for Special Relativity in the Photon Sector."


<!--T:26-->
Ching-Chuan, S. (2000). A Local-Ether Model of Wave Propagation Complying with the Sagnac Correction in the Global Positioning System. IEEE Antennas and Propagation Society International Symposium.
Stephan, J. G. G. (2012). GPS and the One-Way Speed of Light.


<!--T:27-->
DeMeo, J. (2014). "Does a Cosmic Ether Exist? Evidence from Dayton Miller and Others." Journal of Scientific Exploration 28: 647-682.
Dinu, I. (2012). "Trouble with Maxwell’s Electromagnetic Theory: Can Fields Induce Other Fields in Vacuum?" The Great Science Journal.


<!--T:28-->
Thomson, S. J. (1919). "Joint Eclipse Meeting of the Royal Society and the Royal Astronomical Society." The Observatory 42: 389-398.
Bennett, R. (2014). "A Landmark Experiment: The Linear Sagnac Test of Ruyong Wang."


<!--T:29-->
Pound, R. V. and G. A. Rebka (1960). "Apparent Weight of Photons." Physical Review Letters 4(7): 337-341.
DeMeo, J. (2014). "Does a Cosmic Æther Exist? Evidence from Dayton Miller and Others." Journal of Scientific Exploration 28: 647-682.


<!--T:30-->
Pound, R. V. and J. L. Snider (1965). "Effect of Gravity on Gamma Radiation." Physical Review 140(3B): B788-B803.
===Notes===
alternative spellings for æther / Æther include aither, and ether.


<!--T:31-->
Earman, J. and C. Glymour (1980). "The Gravitational Red Shift as a Test of General Relativity: History and Analysis." Studies in History and Philosophy of Science Part A 11(3): 175-214.
===See Also===

* [[Interferometer|Tech/Interferometer]]
Dinu, I. (2012). "Trouble with Maxwell’s Electromagnetic Theory: Can Fields Induce Other Fields in Vacuum?" The Great Science Journal.
* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fVLgKJoFjec YouTube: Interfomertry Q&A - Absolute Space & Preserving Distances and Assigning Imaginary Velocity Vectors]

* [https://publish-01.obsidian.md/access/f65db462c005bb547bb3878805fb0f4d/Attachments/9convert.com%20-%20Einstein%20and%20Newton_480p%20(1).mp4 Video Clip: Michelson-Morley literally debunked Einstein and Newton]
Wolf, P. and G. Petit (1995). "Relativistic Theory for Clock Synchronization and Realization of Geocentric Coordinate Times." Astronomy and Astrophysics 304: 653.
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Latest revision as of 16:18, February 15, 2024

Interferometry

Interferometry makes use of the principle of superposition to combine waves in a way that will cause the result of their combination to have some meaningful property that is diagnostic of the original state of the waves. This works because when two waves with the same frequency combine, the resulting intensity pattern is determined by the phase difference between the two waves—waves that are in phase will undergo constructive interference while waves that are out of phase will undergo destructive interference. Waves which are not completely in phase nor completely out of phase will have an intermediate intensity pattern, which can be used to determine their relative phase difference. Most interferometers use light or some other form of electromagnetic wave.

Interferometry Experiments
Link Name Year
Michelson–Morley Michelson–Morley experiment 1887
Sagnac, Georges The existence of the Lumiiferous Ether 1913
Michelson Gale Pearson Michelson–Gale–Pearson 1925
Dayton Miller Dayton Miller 1902 - 1933
Dufour and Prunier A. Dufour and F. Prunier 1942
P.A.M., Dirac P.A.M., Dirac 1951
Yuri Mikhailovi Galaev Galaev, Yuri Mikhailovi 2001, 2002
James DeMeo DeMeo, James 2004
Ruyoung Wang; Zheng, Wang, Ruyoung; Zheng, 2004
Hector A Munera Munera, Hector A; 2006
Robert Bennett Robert Bennett 2014
Beverly Rubik, Beverly Rubik 2018
Gocho Sharlanov Gocho Sharlanov 2020

References for the Interferometry experiments

The Relative Motion of the Earth and the Luminiferous Ether (1881)

On the Relative Motion of the Earth and the Luminiferous Ether (1887)

Michelson, A. A. and E. W. Morley (1887). "On the Relative Motion of the Earth and the Luminiferous Æther." American Journal of Science s3-34(203)

Sagnac, G. (1913). "The Existence of the Luminiferous Æther Demonstrated by Means of the Effect of a Relative Æther Wind in an Uniformly Rotating Interferometer."

Thomson, S. J. (1919). "Joint Eclipse Meeting of the Royal Society and the Royal Astronomical Society." The Observatory 42

Michelson, A. A. and H. G. Gale (1925). "The Effect of the Earth's Rotation on the Velocity of Light." Nature 115(2894)

Michelson, A. A. and H. G. Gale (1925). "The Effect of the Earth's Rotation on the Velocity of Light II." The Astrophysical Journal 61

Miller, D. C. (1925). "Æther-Drift Experiments at Mount Wilson." Nature 116(2906)

Miller, D. C. (1930). "Æther Drift Experiments in 1929 and other Evidences of Solar Motion." Journal of the Royal Astronomical Society of Canada 24

Pound, R. V. and G. A. Rebka (1960). "Apparent Weight of Photons." Physical Review Letters 4(7): 337-341.

Pound, R. V. and J. L. Snider (1965). "Effect of Gravity on Gamma Radiation." Physical Review 140(3B): B788-B803.

Earman, J. and C. Glymour (1980). "The Gravitational Red Shift as a Test of General Relativity: History and Analysis." Studies in History and Philosophy of Science Part A 11(3): 175-214.

Beckmann, P. (1987). Einstein Plus Two, Golem Press.

Wolf, P. and G. Petit (1995). "Relativistic Theory for Clock Synchronization and Realization of Geocentric Coordinate Times." Astronomy and Astrophysics 304: 653.

Marmet, P. (2000). "The GPS and the Constant Velocity of Light." Acta Scientiarum.

Ruyong, W. (2000). Re-examine the Two Principles of Special Relativity and the Sagnac Effect Using GPS' Range Measurement Equation. IEEE 2000. Position Location and Navigation Symposium (Cat. No.00CH37062).

Ching-Chuan, S. (2000). A Local-Æther Model of Wave Propagation Complying with the Sagnac Correction in the Global Positioning System. IEEE Antennas and Propagation Society International Symposium.

Galaev, Y. M. (2001). Ætheral Wind in Experience of Millimetric Radiowaves Propagation.

Galaev, Y. M. (2002). "Measuring Æther-Drift Velocity and Kinematic Æther Viscosity within the Optical Waves Band." Spacetime and Substance 3(5): 207 - 224.

Wang, R., Y. Zheng and A. Yao (2004). "Generalized Sagnac Effect." Physical Review Letters 93(14).

Múnera, H. A., et al. (2006). Observation During 2004 of Periodic Fringe-Shifts in an Adialeiptometric Stationary Michelson-Morley Experiment.

Gezari, D. (2009). "Experimental Basis for Special Relativity in the Photon Sector."

Stephan, J. G. G. (2012). GPS and the One-Way Speed of Light.

Dinu, I. (2012). "Trouble with Maxwell’s Electromagnetic Theory: Can Fields Induce Other Fields in Vacuum?" The Great Science Journal.

Bennett, R. (2014). "A Landmark Experiment: The Linear Sagnac Test of Ruyong Wang."

DeMeo, J. (2014). "Does a Cosmic Æther Exist? Evidence from Dayton Miller and Others." Journal of Scientific Exploration 28: 647-682.

Notes

alternative spellings for æther / Æther include aither, and ether.

See Also

Retrieved from "https://trueearth.wikitide.org/wiki/Observations/Interferometry?oldid=5187"