Pseudoscience/Architects of the Globe

Architects of the Globe

It’s not until we get to about 500 years before Christ that we finally start to see people questioning the previous flat and enclosed Earth model model held by the ancient world to be true. Before anyone was able to physically go out and explore the “ends of the earth,” from about 500 BC to 150 AD, various Greek philosophers theorized the idea that the earth could be spherical in nature, with north and south polar regions. But no one could actually prove anything through physical observation of an alleged South Pole for instance. Please keep this in mind. This is pre-exploration of the alleged poles. It was during this pre-pole exploration age that people like Pythagoras and later, around 200 BC, the Greek mathematician and philosopher, Eratosthenes began to put forth their theories.

Even to this day we still can’t figure out how the ancients built such incredible structures. So, could it be that they knew something that was lost to humanity due to the theories of men such as Pythagoras and Eratosthenes? I think so. The very fact that the farther back you go in history, the more prevalent the belief in an enclosed, flat Earth becomes, should give us all pause to consider carefully.

Timeline

350 BC	Aristotle allegedly was the first to declare the earth was a sphere because moving north and south causes an alteration in the horizon in “on the heavens.” this was built upon earlier declaration the perfect shape was a sphere, thus the earth must be a sphere.
240 BC	Lacking primary documentation of any sort, it is said that Eratosthenes noted that the water wells and pillars in the city of Syene did not cast a shadow at noon on the summer solstice. Yet, 500 miles away at the same time the shadows were long and drawn out. Assuming the earth a sphere, the light rays from the sun to be parallel, and the sun to be infinitely far away, he calculated a circumference of the assumed spherical earth.
250 BC	Aristarchus used the quarter moon phase to determine the distance to the sun, guessing the angle and estimating that the moon is 1/3 as wide as the earth. The alleged method is built upon the assumption that during a half moon, the 3 celestial bodies should form a right angle. He guessed that the sun was 19 times as far from earth as the moon and 19 times as big.
1492	The Nürnberg Terrestrial Globe is the oldest existing scale model of Earth. Known as the Erdapfel (meaning “Earth apple”), it was created around 1492 by German explorer Martin Behaim and painter Georg Albrecht Glockenthon.”Coincidentally, this is the same year Christopher Columbus allegedly utilized the globe idea to “discover” the Americas.. On accident.
1659	Christian Huygens estimates the astronomical unit (distance to the sun) by assuming that the diameter of Venus is the same as Earth's. He gets within 5% of the currently accepted model.
1666	The selenelion eclipse is observed, where the sun and moon are both visible above the horizon during a lunar eclipse, challenging the globe model. Additionally, the polar ice caps on Mars are claimed to be discovered.
1666	Isaac Newton apparently had an epiphany as an apple fell from a tree. Theory of Gravity born
1800	The 19th century begins with the Industrial Revolution in full swing, bringing significant advancements in technology and manufacturing processes.
1804	The Lewis and Clark Expedition begins, exploring the newly acquired
1850	The Distant Early Warning Line (DEW Line) was established. It was a system of radar stations in the northern Arctic regions of Canada
1901	Guglielmo Marconi succeeded in sending the first radio transmission across the Atlantic Ocean, disproving detractors who told him that the curvature of the earth would block the signal and limit the transmission at roughly 200 miles or less. The Ionosphere was then “discovered” (theorized) to explain how this could be possible on a spherical earth.
1905	Einstein proposes the special theory of relativity, which attributes a constant speed to light and eliminates absolute reference frames.
1915	Primarily in response to MMX, Einstein proposed the special theory of relativity which attributed a constant speed to light and did away with absolute reference frames. Later in 1915, he published the general theory of relativity which is the currently accepted model of gravity. This theory was required to keep the heliocentric model alive.
1915	Congress established the National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics, or N-A-C-A, “to separate the real from the imagined and make known the overlooked and unexpected” in the quest for flight. In 1958, the NACA's staff, research facilities, and know-how were transitioned to the new NASA.
1925	Edwin Hubble made observations showing there is a direct relationship between the speeds of distant galaxies and their distances from the Earth. This was interpreted as evidence the universe is expanding.
1933	Dark matter was first theorized when Fritz Zwicky discovered that the mass of all the stars in the coma cluster provided only 1 percent of the mass needed to keep the galaxies from escaping the gravitational pull of the cluster. Simply put, the gravitational prediction was off on its mass prediction by 99%.
1945	Operation Paperclip Wernher von Braun was one of the scientists brought over in the operation, later put in charge of space exploration for the united states. He oversaw building the first v2 rocket that allegedly went to space. He had psalms 19:1 put on his tombstone which alludes to the firmament covering the Earth. He also told his secretary space propaganda was being used to lie to the public.
1946	Operation in which the United States explored the Antarctic region, Founding the first American base in Antarctica called “Little America.” This was led and organized by Admiral Richard Byrd.
1947	The National Security Act of 1947 established CIA as an independent, civilian intelligence agency within the executive branch. The Act charged CIA with coordinating the Nation's intelligence activities and, among other duties, collecting, evaluating, and disseminating intelligence affecting national security.
1948	Science fiction book authored by Wernher von Braun detailed the foundation of the first civilization on mars, established by a character with the title ‘elon.’
1952	The NSA was founded by President Harry Truman to “provide an effective, unified organization and control of the communications intelligence activities of the U.S. conducted against foreign governments, to provide for integrated operational policies and procedures pertaining hereto.”
1953	Vera Rubin made further observations showing the major inadequacy of the gravitational predictions as the “Andromeda Galaxy” was rotating in a way completely contradictory to the gravitational theory/prediction. Simply, The outer edges were moving just as fast the center, violating Newton’s laws of motions. Instead of doing away with the theory, they now claim 84% of the universe is comprised of undefined undetected “dark matter.”
1955	Deep freeze is the codename given to a series of U.S. missions to Antarctica. This led into the “International Geophysical Year” in 1957-1958 which a collaborative effort among 40 nations regarding the north and south pole.
1957	The firmament is mapped out, according to declassified CIA documents, and observations are made on the scattering of light in the Earth's atmosphere
1957	The distant early warning line is a system of radar stations in the northern artic regions of Canada, Alaska, Greenland, and Iceland where the U.S. set up trip lines to monitor any activity north of the 55th north latitude.
1958	After the extensive exploration and monitoring of the arctic and Antarctic regions, NASA was founded to “To provide for research into problems of flight within and outside the earth's atmosphere, and for other purposes.”
1958	The Antarctic Treaty was signed in Washington on 1 December 1959 by the twelve countries whose scientists had been active in and around Antarctica during the International Geophysical Year (IGY) of 1957-58. It entered into force in 1961 and has since been acceded to by many other nations. The total number of Parties to the Treaty is now 56. This treaty restricts free and private exploration of the Antarctic region.
1961	On Oct. 1, 1961, with only 25 personnel and borrowed space in the Pentagon, the Defense Intelligence Agency was born. The Agency would go on to manage and direct an increasing array of missions and functions that provide intelligence support to the national command authority and the warfighter.
1962	On September 12, 1962 JFK gave a speech announcing that we would land men on the moon within 8 years. He said “We choose to go to the moon in this decade and do the other things, not because they are easy, but because they are hard.”
1962	Operation Fishbowl, part of the larger Operation dominic, was a series of “high altitude nuclear tests” beginning in June of 1962. The alleged first successful missile was titled “starfish prime”. It is not well known that the U.S. actually began their high-altitude explosion tests in 1958, the same year NASA was founded.
1967	'Outer Space Treaty'. Encourages states to conduct international consultations and cooperation in the exploration and use of outer space.... The Outer Space Treaty has been ratified by over 100 countries, including all the major space-faring nations.
1967	Apollo Astronaut, Gus Grissom, died in a tragic accident in an explosion on NASA’s facilities in the routine checking of wires. Gus was very outspoken and openly critical about the viability of success regarding the Apollo Missions.
1968	A movie directed by Stanley Kubrick which was about a moon landing mission. It won film of the year and normalized the previously unheard-of idea that people could land on the moon.
1969	MEN SUPPOSEDLY STEPPED FOOT ON THE MOON, CONVENIENTLY JUST WITHIN THE CLOSE OF THE DECADE AS JFK PREDICTED, AFTER HE WAS KILLED OF COURSE. Men have not claimed to be back on the surface of the moon since then, over 5 decades later.
1972	The famous first shot of the earth in entirety being a globe from outer space. This cemented the idea of the globe earth in the minds of the public. There was not another “real picture” of the earth claimed until 2015. The “Blue marble” OF 2002, THE DEFAULT WALLPAPER ON THE FIRST GENERATION IPHONE WAS FAMOUSLY “PHOTOSHOPPED BECAUSE IT HAS TO BE.”
1988	The Distant Early Warning Line is replaced by the North Warning System, which monitors explorative movement north of the 55th latitude.
2000	CIA declassifies documents related to the investigation of the scattering of light in the Earth's atmosphere.

Eratosthenes

Eratosthenes, so the story goes, sometime around 200 BC or so, Eratosthenes invented the discipline of geography. He is best known for being the first person to calculate the circumference of the Earth, which he did by applying a measuring system using stades, or the length of stadia during that time period. He was also the first to calculate the tilt of the Earth’s axis. I don’t know what his calculation was exactly, but according to modern science, this is what they say concerning the Earth’s tilt today:

The Earth currently has an axial tilt of about 23.4°. This value remains approximately the same relative to a stationary orbital plane throughout the cycles of precession. However, because the ecliptic (i.e. the Earth’s orbit) moves due to planetary perturbations, the obliquity of the ecliptic is not a fixed quantity. At present, it is decreasing at a rate of about 47″ per century.

We have all been taught that the seasons are caused by the 23.4° angular offset (obliquity) between the Earth’s axis of rotation and a perpendicular to the Earth’s orbital plane with the Sun (see obliquity below). The Earth’s rotational axis stays nearly fixed in space, even as the Earth orbits the Sun once each year. As a result, when the Earth is at a certain place in its orbit, the northern hemisphere is tilted toward the Sun and experiences summer. Six months later, when the Earth is on the opposite side of the Sun, the northern hemisphere is tilted away from the Sun and experiences winter.

Earth is tilted on its axis 23.4 degrees relative to its orbit around the sun. This causes Earth to experience seasons. From late March to late September, Earth is in the part of its orbit where its North Pole is tilted toward the sun. Those of us who live in the northern hemisphere observe that the sun appears higher in the sky than it does at other times, and we experience more hours of daylight. Since we receive greater accumulated solar energy at this time of year, our temperatures are warmer than they are in other seasons. From late September through late March, Earth is in the part of its orbit where the North Pole is tipped away from the sun. During this time, the southern hemisphere receives more heat and light from the sun, while northern hemisphere inhabitants see the sun lower in the sky and experience less than 12 hours of daylight. The seasons are not caused by the slightly elliptical orbit of Earth. On the contrary, Earth is slightly closer to the sun in the northern hemisphere winter.

This tilt appears to be well-designed for life. If Earth were tilted less, the polar regions would receive less energy, reducing the habitable area of the planet. If the earth were tilted more, the seasons would become more extreme, potentially reducing plant-growing seasons and making the environment less hospitable.

Modern science believes he may have accurately calculated the distance from the Earth to the Sun and invented the leap day. He created the first map of the world incorporating parallels and meridians, based on the available geographical knowledge of the era. Quite a guy, huh? But how did he do all of that? Well, apparently, he noticed the shadow on an obelisk in Egypt at one location was different from how it appeared at another location at the same time of day. One had almost no shadow, while the other had a long shadow. His conclusion was that the earth must be a sphere and so with that preconceived notion, he did some math calculations to prove that notion and determine how big the alleged sphere was.

That all seems reasonable enough, however, the same thing can be observed in the Flat Earth model. But, in the Flat Earth model, the sun is not millions of miles away. Rather it is much closer and way smaller than the standard model we’ve all been taught. With the smaller, moving sun inside the dome of an enclosed flat earth, you still get the same exact results as those Eratosthenes observed.

So, at least in my mind, the early Greek “meter stick” and obelisk experiment proves one of at least two ideas at best. It is by no means conclusive. But there can be no doubt that Eratosthenes was the one who really “got the ball rolling” on this topic.

Obviously, when looking back through history, we can find a handful of ancient mathematicians and philosophers who kicked around the idea of a globe based on observations and conclusions similar to those of Pythagoras and Eratosthenes, but it never really caught on in mainstream thought until you get to Copernicus. Galileo, Kepler and Newton.

Pythagoras

The teaching most securely identified with Pythagoras is metempsychosis, or the "transmigration of souls", which holds that every soul is immortal and, upon death, enters into a new body. He may have also devised the doctrine of musica universalis, which holds that the planets move according to mathematical equations and thus resonate to produce an inaudible symphony of music.

Pythagoras was credited with many mathematical and scientific discoveries, including the Pythagorean theorem, Pythagorean tuning, the five regular solids, the Theory of Proportions, the sphericity of the Earth, and the identity of the morning and evening stars as the planet Venus. It was said that he was the first man to call himself a philosopher ("lover of wisdom")[c] and that he was the first to divide the globe into five climatic zones.

Apollo-Osiris-Orion-Nimrod

So according to multiple witnesses (both secular and Christian), the earth is allegedly tilted at 23.4 degrees off of the center of a 90 degree angle. (90°-23.4° = 66.6°). I suppose that’s probably just a coincidence. Or is it? See, this is the sort of thing that catches my attention. Because these are Antichrist clues and such clues always lead back to Apollo-Osiris-Orion-Nimrod…

The Phoenix in Egypt was known as the Bennu, which was associated with the sun, creation and rebirth and specifically the resurrection of Osiris. Interestingly enough NASA has plans of using the OSIRIS-Rex probe to make contact with an asteroid known as the Bennu, which (oh yeah!) just so happened to have been discovered on September 11, 1999 (gotta love the Illuminati’s code-language constantly being put out in plain sight). This is exceptionally interesting. The Bennu is said to live for 500 years, die and then rise again out of its own ashes (as the Phoenix).

NASA’s OSIRIS-REx mission and The Planetary Society invited you to submit your name for a round-trip ride to asteroid Bennu. Your name will hitch a ride to the asteroid, spend 500 days there, and return in the Sample Return Capsule to Earth in 2023.

Apollo was associated with law, philosophy, and the arts. He sometimes gave the gift of prophecy to mortals whom he loved, such as the Trojan princess Cassandra. One of the most important Olympian gods, Apollo is the son of Zeus and Leto, and the twin brother of Artemis. He is considered the ideal of manly beauty, so that a very handsome man might be called an “Apollo.” He is also the god of poetry and music. Apollo replaced the Titan Helios as the sun god; however, the Greeks didn’t delete Helios completely but referred to both of them as the Sun gods. The arrows of Apollo and Artemis invariably killed and the Greeks explained epidemics of diseases by supposing that they were shooting their arrows at people; and so, by praying to Apollo, the epidemic might be made to stop. In this way, Apollo became associated with the cure of diseases. Such so-called cures led to a myth in which Apollo was thought to have had a son, Asclepius (as KLEP ee uhs), who is better known under the Roman version of the name, Aesculapius (es’ kyoo LAY pee uhs). He was a mortal medical healer who was so successful that he was reputed to have the ability to bring the dead back to life, which resulted in complaints by Hades. As a result, to keep peace in the godly family, Zeus killed him with a thunderbolt. After his death, Aesculapius became a god and he was also placed among the constellations, where he is pictured as a man holding a serpent in his hands.

The snake was a symbol of medicine and doctors and the Latin name for his constellation is Ophiuchus (oh fee YOO kuhs) which means “serpent-holder”. (His symbol, the rod of Aesculapias, is not to be confused with the staff of Hermes, or the Caduceus. The rod of Aesculapias is a single rod with a single snake. The Caduceus is a rod with two intertwined snakes and wings.) Sometimes the stars forming the serpent are referred to as a separate constellation called “Serpens” (serpent) and occasionally the whole constellation is referred to as “Serpentarius”. Apollo became significant among the Romans when Augustus Caesar, as a young man, chose Apollo as his own god, and attributed his victory over Antony and Cleopatra to Apollo’s superiority over monstrous Egyptian and oriental deities, whose cults appeared to him to be lascivious and orgiastic. At least one Roman writer, Horace in his Carmen Saeculare, expressed what Augustus thought of Apollo: “Governor of Roman destiny; master of the sun; archer; augur; averter of pestilence; and giver of sound morals to the young.”

Without a doubt (at least in my mind), the story of Apollo is the story of Osiris. The story of Osiris is the story of Nimrod. Nimrod is the “mighty hunter” (Orion) who stood in defiance of YHWH, attempting to build a tower to “reach into heaven” in order to kill God and set up a “New World Order.”

Copernicus

In Copernicus’s period, astrology and astronomy were considered subdivisions of a common subject called the “science of the stars,” whose main aim was to provide a description of the arrangement of the heavens as well as the theoretical tools and tables of motions that would permit accurate construction of horoscopes and annual prognostications.

Copernicus was developing new ideas inspired by reading the “Epitome of the Almagest” (Epitome in Almagestum Ptolemei) by George von Peuerbach and Johannes Regiomontanus (Venice, 1496). He verified its observations about certain peculiarities in Ptolemy’s theory of the Moon’s motion, by conducting on 9 March 1497 at Bologna a memorable observation of the occultation of Aldebaran, the brightest star in the Taurus constellation, by the moon. Copernicus the humanist sought confirmation for his growing doubts through close reading of Greek and Latin authors (Pythagoras, Aristarchos of Samos, Cleomedes, Cicero, Pliny the Elder, Plutarch, Philolaus, Heraclides, Ecphantos, Plato), gathering, especially while at Padua, fragmentary historic information about ancient astronomical, cosmological and calendar systems.

While nothing I read about Copernicus led me to believe he was ever a Freemason or that he received his “revelation” of heliocentricity from Apollo, the fact remains, he was certainly influenced by the writings of those who did worship the sun god Apollo. Admittedly however, this is only circumstantial evidence at best and nothing worthy of condemning the man as being a follower of Apollo himself. And him being pictured with a compass and square in the above picture doesn’t automatically make him (or any of the others) a Freemason either. I’ve used a compass and square plenty of times myself and I am not, nor is anyone in my immediate family a Freemason. It is however interesting how much the Freemasons do love Copernicus and in fact have lodges named in his honor (such as Lodge Copernicus No. 246 and Lodge Copernicus No. 505 and Poland’s Mother Lodge “Kopernik” among others). So, perhaps he is “guilty by association?” I don’t know as far as any of that goes.

Galileo

In the Catholic world prior to Galileo’s conflict with the Church, the majority of educated people subscribed to the Aristotelian geocentric view that the earth was the center of the universe and that all heavenly bodies revolved around the Earth,[53] despite the use of Copernican theories to reform the calendar in 1582.[54] Biblical references Psalm 93:1, 96:10, and 1 Chronicles16:30 include text stating that “the world is firmly established, it cannot be moved.” In the same manner, Psalm 104:5 says, “the Lord set the earth on its foundations; it can never be moved.” Further, Ecclesiastes 1:5 states that “And the sun rises and sets and returns to its place.”[55]

Galileo defended heliocentrism, and in his Letter to the Grand Duchess Christina argued that it was not contrary to biblical texts. He took the Augustinian position that poetry, songs, instructions or historical statements in biblical texts need not always be interpreted literally. Galileo argued that the authors wrote from the perspective of the terrestrial world in which the sun does rise and set, and discussed a different kind of “movement” of the earth, not rotations.

By 1615 Galileo’s writings on heliocentrism had been submitted to the Roman Inquisition, and his efforts to interpret the Bible were seen as a violation of the Council of Trent.[57] Attacks on the ideas of Copernicus had reached a head, and Galileo went to Rome to defend himself and Copernican ideas. In 1616, an Inquisitorial commission unanimously declared heliocentrism to be “foolish and absurd in philosophy, and formally heretical since it explicitly contradicts in many places the sense of Holy Scripture.” The Inquisition found that the idea of the Earth’s movement “receives the same judgement in philosophy and… in regard to theological truth it is at least erroneous in faith.” (The original document from the Inquisitorial commission was made widely available in 2014.)

Pope Paul V instructed Cardinal Bellarmine to deliver this finding to Galileo, and to order him to abandon the Copernican opinions. On 26 February, Galileo was called to Bellarmine’s residence and ordered

… to abandon completely… the opinion that the sun stands still at the center of the world and the earth moves, and henceforth not to hold, teach, or defend it in any way whatever, either orally or in writing.

— The Inquisition’s injunction against Galileo, 1616.

The decree of the Congregation of the Index banned Copernicus’s De Revolutionibus and other heliocentric works until correction. Bellarmine’s instructions did not prohibit Galileo from discussing heliocentrism as a mathematical fiction.

While I am not by any means a supporter of the Catholic Church, I will say they stood firm on the text of Scripture concerning this issue. My own studies have shown that Scripture in no way supports a model of the earth as a spinning globe, orbiting around the sun.

As with my research on Copernicus, I really didn’t find a whole lot of confirming evidence that would lead me to a firm conclusion that Galileo was a Freemason or that he served the Greek god Apollo. He seems to me to have simply been a man of science who challenged the status quo – interestingly enough, right around the time of the publishing of the King James Bible, which does not in any way support a spinning globe, orbiting around the sun. Still, it is obvious Galileo was picking up where Copernicus left off, who himself seemed to have been influenced by Pythagoras, who was influenced by Apollo. The same is true of Kepler. Indeed, that was the mode of that era:

Aristotle

European learning was based on the Greek sources that had been passed down, and cosmological and astronomical thought were based on Aristotle and Ptolemy. Aristotle’s cosmology of a central Earth surrounded by concentric spherical shells carrying the planets and fixed stars was the basis of European thought from the 12th century CE onward. Technical astronomy, also geocentric, was based on the constructions of excentric circles and epicycles codified in Ptolemy’s Almagest (2d. century CE).

From this, we may see the fact that they had a variety of ideas to choose from, all originating with ancient Greek sources, some of which came to conflicting conclusions based on differing ideas and points of view. These later men of science thus had to wrestle with these things and through their own observations and testings, came up with new theories, based on their findings, which were derived from better instruments than what the ancients had to work with when coming up with their theories.

Ptolemy

Because the Catholic Church promoted his work, which included the only mathematically sound geocentric model of the Solar System, and unlike most Greek mathematicians, Ptolemy's writings (foremost the Almagest) never ceased to be copied or commented upon, both in late antiquity and in the Middle Ages. However, it is likely that only a few truly mastered the mathematics necessary to understand his works, as evidenced particularly by the many abridged and watered-down introductions to Ptolemy's astronomy that were popular among the Arabs and Byzantines. His work on epicycles has come to symbolize a very complex theoretical model built in order to explain a false assumption.

Ptolemy's Mathēmatikē Syntaxis (Greek: Μαθηματικὴ Σύνταξις, lit. 'Mathematical Systematic Treatise'), better known as the Almagest, is the only surviving comprehensive ancient treatise on astronomy. Although Babylonian astronomers had developed arithmetical techniques for calculating and predicting astronomical phenomena, these were not based on any underlying model of the heavens; early Greek astronomers, on the other hand, provided qualitative geometrical models to "save the appearances" of celestial phenomena without the ability to make any predictions.

The earliest person that attempted to merge these two approaches was Hipparchus, who produced geometric models that not only reflected the arrangement of the planets and stars but could be used to calculate celestial motions. Ptolemy, following Hipparchus, derived each of his geometrical models for the Sun, Moon, and the planets from selected astronomical observations done in the spanning of more than 800 years; however, many astronomers have for centuries suspected that some of his models' parameters were adopted independently of observations.

Ptolemy presented his astronomical models alongside convenient tables, which could be used to compute the future or past position of the planets. The Almagest also contains a star catalogue, which is a version of a catalogue created by Hipparchus. Its list of forty-eight constellations is ancestral to the modern system of constellations but, unlike the modern system, they did not cover the whole sky (only what could be seen with the naked eye in the northern hemisphere). For over a thousand years, the Almagest was the authoritative text on astronomy across Europe, the Middle East, and North Africa.

The Almagest was preserved, like many extant Greek scientific works, in Arabic manuscripts; the modern title is thought to be an Arabic corruption of the Greek name Hē Megistē Syntaxis (lit. "The greatest treatise"), as the work was presumably known in Late Antiquity. Because of its reputation, it was widely sought and translated twice into Latin in the 12th century, once in Sicily and again in Spain. Ptolemy's planetary models, like those of the majority of his predecessors, were geocentric and almost universally accepted until the reappearance of heliocentric models during the scientific revolution.

Under the scrutiny of modern scholarship, and the cross-checking of observations contained in the Almagest against figures produced through backwards extrapolation, various patterns of errors have emerged within the work. A prominent miscalculation is Ptolemy's use of measurements that he claimed were taken at noon, but which systematically produce readings now shown to be off by half an hour, as if the observations were taken at 12:30pm.

The overall quality of Claudius Ptolemy's observations has been challenged by several modern scientists, but prominently by Robert R. Newton in his 1977 book The Crime of Claudius Ptolemy, which asserted that Ptolemy fabricated many of his observations to fit his theories. Newton accused Ptolemy of systematically inventing data or doctoring the data of earlier astronomers, and labelled him "the most successful fraud in the history of science". One striking error noted by Newton was an autumn equinox said to have been observed by Ptolemy and "measured with the greatest care" at 2pm on 25 September 132, when the equinox should have been observed around 9:55am the day prior. In attempting to disprove Newton, Herbert Lewis also found himself agreeing that "Ptolemy was an outrageous fraud,"and that "all those result capable of statistical analysis point beyond question towards fraud and against accidental error".

The charges laid by Newton and others have been the subject of wide discussions and received significant push back from other scholars against the findings. Owen Gingerich, while agreeing that the Almagest contains "some remarkably fishy numbers", including in the matter of the 30-hour displaced equinox, which he noted aligned perfectly with predictions made by Hipparchus 278 years earlier, rejected the qualification of fraud. Objections were also raised by Bernard Goldstein, who questioned Newton's findings and suggested that he had misunderstood the secondary literature, while noting that issues with the accuracy of Ptolemy's observations had long been known. Other authors have pointed out that instrument warping or atmospheric refraction may also explain some of Ptolemy's observations at a wrong time.

Kepler

It would seem that Kepler was influenced by ideas concerning the Greek god Apollo. In 1594 Kepler accepted an appointment as professor of mathematics at the Protestant seminary in Graz (in the Austrian province of Styria). He was also appointed district mathematician and calendar maker. Kepler remained in Graz until 1600, when all Protestants were forced to convert to Catholicism or leave the province, as part of Counter Reformation measures. For six years, Kepler taught arithmetic, geometry (when there were interested students), Virgil, and rhetoric. In his spare time he pursued his private studies in astronomy and astrology.

Kepler’s teacher in the mathematical subjects was Michael Maestlin (1550-1635). Maestlin was one of the earliest astronomers to subscribe to Copernicus’s heliocentric theory, although in his university lectures he taught only the Ptolemaic system. Only in what we might call graduate seminars did he acquaint his students, among whom was Kepler, with the technical details of the Copernican system. Kepler stated later that at this time he became a Copernican for “physical or, if you prefer, metaphysical reasons.”

In 1610 Kepler heard and read about Galileo’s discoveries with the spyglass. He quickly composed a long letter of support which he published as Dissertatio cum Nuncio Sidereo (“Conversation with the Sidereal Messenger”), and when, later that year, he obtained the use of a suitable telescope, he published his observations of Jupiter’s satellites under the title Narratio de Observatis Quatuor Jovis Satellitibus (“Narration about Four Satellites of Jupiter observed”). These tracts were an enormous support to Galileo, whose discoveries were doubted or denied by many. Both of Kepler’s tracts were quickly reprinted in Florence. Kepler went on to provide the beginning of a theory of the telescope in his Dioptrice, published in 1611.

So, here we have Kepler reading Virgil. Virgil talks about praying to Jupiter and the rise of Apollo’s reign on earth. Then, after observing Jupiter, Kepler becomes a supporter of Galileo, for “metaphysical reasons,” leading to him publishing the beginning of his theories the same year as the King James Bible comes out, which absolutely does not support what these men are proposing.

Sir Isaac Newton

Finally, we have Sir Isaac Newton. For a long time, I had considered him to have been brilliant scientist and an amazing Christian man of God. Now, I am not so sure about the latter. I won’t say this with any measure of certainty, but it may be that just like many of our so-called American Founding Fathers, he was just another one of these incredibly intelligent guys who knew the Christian lingo, knew the Bible, but had a secret life wrapped around occult beliefs and activities. There certainly does appear to be a variety of on-line articles books coming out these days that would seem to support that idea.

Newton produced many works that would now be classified as occult studies. These works explored chronology, alchemy, and Biblical interpretation (especially of the Apocalypse). Newton's scientific work may have been of lesser personal importance to him, as he placed emphasis on rediscovering the occult wisdom of the ancients. In this sense, some believe that any reference to a “Newtonian Worldview” as being purely mechanical in nature is somewhat inaccurate.

After purchasing and studying Newton's alchemical works in 1942, economist John Maynard Keynes, for example, opined that “Newton was not the first of the age of reason, he was the last of the magicians”. In the Early Modern Period of Newton's lifetime, the educated embraced a world view different from that of later centuries. Distinctions between science, superstition, and pseudoscience were still being formulated, and a devoutly Christian Biblical perspective permeated Western culture.

Summary

What does all of this have to do with the Flat Earth Controversy? The main thing I want you to get out of the above is how much the occult, Freemasonry and specifically the worship of and/or other associations with Apollo always seem to pop up where the subject of the globe is concerned. These Apollo/sun god worshipers and believers in heliocentricity caused many to either question, totally rethink and/or toss out what the Scriptures actually say concerning the earth and its place in the cosmos.

With all of the above in mind, I’ve been trying to piece together a timeline of events from Nimrod to CERN...

Parts taken from Rob Skiba