Pseudoscience/Heliocentricism: Difference between revisions
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====390 BC====
(Greek) The first non-geocentric model of the universe was '''proposed''' by the Pythagorean philosopher Philolaus, who '''taught''' that at the center of the universe was a "central fire", around which the Earth, Sun, Moon and planets revolved in uniform circular motion. This system postulated the existence of a counter-earth collinear with the Earth and central fire, with the same period of revolution around the central fire as the Earth. The Sun revolved around the central fire once a year, and the stars were stationary. The Earth maintained the same hidden face towards the central fire, rendering both it and the "counter-earth" invisible from Earth.
The Pythagorean concept of uniform circular motion remained unchallenged for approximately the next 2000 years, and it was to the Pythagoreans that Copernicus (a [[Agencies/Jesuits|'''Jesuit''']]) referred to show that the notion of a moving Earth was neither new nor revolutionary.
Kepler gave an alternative explanation of the Pythagoreans' "central fire" as the Sun.
====270 BC====
(Greek)
Aristarchus '''presumably''' took the stars to be very far away because he was aware that their parallax would otherwise be observed over the course of a year, however sufficiently powerful telescopes had not yet been developed until the 1830s.
====190 BC====
(Greek) The only other astronomer from antiquity known by name who is known to have '''supported''' Aristarchus' heliocentric model was Seleucus of Seleucia, a Hellenistic astronomer who flourished a century after Aristarchus in the Seleucid Empire. Seleucus was a proponent of the heliocentric system of Aristarchus. Seleucus may have proved the heliocentric theory by determining the '''constants of a geometric model''' for the heliocentric theory and developing methods to '''compute''' planetary positions using this model. He may have used early trigonometric methods that were available in his time, as he was a contemporary of Hipparchus.
Seleucus also '''theorized''' the phenomenon of tides to be caused by the attraction to the Moon and by the revolution of the Earth around the Earth and Moon's center of mass.
====1st Century AD====
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Al-Sijzi invented an astrolabe called Al-zūraqī based on a '''belief''' held by some of his contemporaries that the '''apparent motion''' of the stars was due to the Earth's movement, and not that of the firmament.
Al-Sijzi studied intersections of conic sections and circles. He '''replaced''' the old kinematical trisection of an angle by a purely geometric solution (intersection of a circle and an equilateral hyperbola.)
Islamic astronomers began to criticize the Ptolemaic model, including Ibn Al-Haytham in his Al-Shukūk 'alā Baṭalamiyūs ("Doubts Concerning Ptolemy", c. 1028), who found contradictions in Ptolemy's model, but Al-Haytham remained committed to a geocentric model.
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====14th Century AD====
(France) Bishop Nicole Oresme '''discussed''' the possibility that the Earth rotated on its axis, while Cardinal Nicholas of Cusa asked whether there was any reason to assert that the Sun (or any other point) was the center of the universe. In parallel to a mystical definition of God, Cusa wrote that "Thus the fabric of the world (machina mundi) will quasi have its center everywhere and circumference nowhere," recalling Hermes Trismegistus.
(India) Nilakantha Somayaji (1444–1544) developed a '''computational system''' for a geo-heliocentric planetary model, in which the planets orbit the Sun, which in turn orbits the Earth, similar to the system later proposed by Tycho Brahe. it was said to be more mathematically accurate at predicting the heliocentric orbits of the interior planets than both the Tychonic and Copernican models. Nilakantha's "planetary system" also incorporated the Earth's rotation on its axis. Most astronomers of the Kerala school of astronomy and mathematics seem to have '''accepted''' his planetary model.
(Poland) Nicolaus Copernicus (a [[Agencies/Jesuits|'''Jesuit''']]) (1473-1543) astronomer, physician, '''priest''', famous for the heliocentric planetary '''theory'''. He '''formulated''' a model of the universe that placed the Sun rather than Earth at its center.
The publication of Copernicus's model in his book De revolutionibus orbium coelestium (On the Revolutions of the Celestial Spheres), just before his death in 1543, was a major event in the history of science, triggering the "Copernican Revolution" and making a pioneering contribution to the Scientific Revolution (A takeover of the sciences by Jesuits).
====15th Century AD====
(Jewish) Already in the Talmud, Greek philosophy and science under the general name "Greek wisdom" were considered dangerous
(Italy) Galileo Galilei (1564-1642) a [[Agencies/Freemasons|'''Freemason''']]
Galileo later defended his views in Dialogue Concerning the Two Chief World Systems (1632), which appeared to attack Pope Urban VIII and thus alienated both the Pope and the Jesuits, who had both supported Galileo up until this point. He was tried by the Inquisition, found "vehemently suspect of '''heresy'''", and forced to recant. He spent the rest of his life under house arrest.▼
▲(Italy) Galileo Galilei (a [[Agencies/Freemasons|'''Freemason''']]) (1564-1642) astronomer, physicist, "father of modern science.". Galileo's championing of Copernican heliocentrism was met with opposition from within the Catholic Church and from some astronomers. The matter was investigated by the Roman Inquisition in 1615, which concluded that '''heliocentrism was foolish, absurd, and heretical''' since it contradicted the Ptolemaic system.
▲Galileo later defended his views in Dialogue Concerning the Two Chief World Systems (1632), which appeared to attack Pope Urban VIII and thus alienated both the Pope and the Jesuits, who had both supported Galileo up until this point. He was tried by the Inquisition, found "vehemently suspect of heresy", and forced to recant. He spent the rest of his life under house arrest.
(Germany) Christoph Scheiner (1573-1650) was a [[Agencies/Jesuits|'''Jesuit''']], astronomer who discovered sunspots with telescopes.
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Picard was the first person to provide an '''assumption''' of the size of the Earth through a survey conducted 1669-1670. His continued progress in instruments proved essential in the drafting of Isaac Newton’s theory of universal gravitation. Picard also worked and corresponded with a vast number of scientists of the time, including Isaac Newton, Christian Huygens, and a great rival, Giovanni Cassini.
Deeply respected by his contemporaries but overshadowed by Galileo, Newton, and Cassini, Picard was a founding member of the French Academy in 1'''666'''. He was honored in 1935 by having a moon crater named after him. (A less-elevated honor was bestowed in 1987, when his name was used for the character Captain Jean-Luc Picard on the television show Star Trek: The Next Generation.)
(Italy) Giovanni Battista Riccioli (1598-1671) was a [[Agencies/Jesuits|'''Jesuit''']], astronomer, physicist, Jesuit. A lunar crater named after him.
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(Italy) Francesco Grimaldi (1618-1663) was a [[Agencies/Jesuits|'''Jesuit''']], astronomer, physicist, Jesuit, Known for "free fall" and diffraction of light.
(Italy) Giovanni Domenico Cassini (1625-1712)
=====The Copernican principle=====
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The Copernican Revolution (based on '''assumptions''' made by a [[Agencies/Jesuits|'''Jesuit''']]) was the paradigm shift from the Ptolemaic model of the heavens, which described the cosmos as having Earth stationary at the center of the universe, to the heliocentric model with the Sun at the center of the Solar System. This revolution consisted of two phases; the first being extremely '''mathematical''' in nature and the second phase starting in 1610 with the '''publication of a pamphlet''' by Galileo. Beginning with the 1543 publication of Nicolaus Copernicus’s De revolutionibus orbium coelestium, contributions to the “revolution” continued until finally ending with Isaac Newton’s work over a century later (in the year 1'''666''').
The "Copernican Revolution" is named for Nicolaus Copernicus (a [[Agencies/Jesuits|'''Jesuit''']]), whose Commentariolus, written before 1514, was the first explicit presentation of the heliocentric model in Renaissance scholarship. The '''idea''' of heliocentrism is much older; it can be traced to Aristarchus of Samos, a Hellenistic author writing in the 3rd century BC, who may in turn have been drawing on even older concepts in Pythagoreanism. Ancient heliocentrism was, however, eclipsed by the geocentric model presented by Ptolemy in the Almagest and accepted in Aristotelianism.
====17th Century AD====
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(Austria) Thaddäus Derfflinger (1748-1824) a Benedictine '''monk''', astronomer, known for sunspot observer.
(Italy) Barnaba Oriani (1752-1832) a '''priest''', astronomer, known for detailed research of planet Uranus.
(France) Jacques Philippe Binet (1786-1856) a physicist, '''Catholic''', astronomer, known for Binet’s Theorem, Binet-Cauchy identity.
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====18th Century AD====
(Jewish) A controversy on the Copernican model within Judaism arises, most authors in this period had '''accepted''' Copernican heliocentrism, with opposition from David Nieto and Tobias Cohn, who argued against heliocentrism on the grounds '''it contradicted scripture'''. Nieto merely rejected the new system on those grounds without much passion, whereas Cohn went so far as to call Copernicus (a [[Agencies/Jesuits|'''Jesuit''']]) "a first-born of Satan".
(Belgian) Georges Lemaître (1894-1966), a [[Agencies/Jesuits|'''Jesuit''']], ''''priest'''", physicist, and mathematician, first '''proposed''' the Big Bang Theory for the birth of the universe. Born in Charleroi, Belgium, he studied math and science at Cambridge University after ordination in 1923 and specialized in the then-most-current studies in astronomy and cosmology, especially Einstein’s general theory of relativity.
The '''accepted idea''' in physics at the time was that the universe was essentially in a changeless state-a “Steady State.”
For his part, Lemaître
(France) Urbain Le Verrier (1811-1877) a '''Catholic''', astronomer, known for discovery of Neptune.
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(Europe) Thomas Wright and Immanuel Kant '''speculated''' that fuzzy patches of light called nebulae were actually distant "island universes" consisting of many stellar systems. The shape of the Milky Way galaxy was expected to resemble such "islands universes."
(United States) George Coyne (1933-2020) a [[Agencies/Jesuits|'''Jesuit''']], astronomer, director of the Vatican Observator ("Lucifer" telescope).
====20th Century AD====
Harlow Shapley's work on globular clusters and Edwin Hubble's '''assumptions''' in 1924 showed that the Sun is not the center of the universe, cosmology moved on from heliocentrism to galactocentrism, which states that the Milky Way is the center of the universe.
Hubble's observations of redshift in light from distant galaxies
The '''concept''' of an absolute velocity, including being "at rest" as a particular case, is ruled out by the principle of relativity, also eliminating any obvious "center" of the universe as a natural origin of coordinates. Even if the discussion is limited to the Solar System, '''the Sun is not at the geometric center of any planet's orbit''', but rather approximately at one focus of the elliptical orbit. Furthermore, to the extent that a planet's mass cannot be neglected in comparison to the Sun's mass, '''the center of gravity of the Solar System is displaced slightly away from the center of the Sun.''' (The masses of the planets, mostly Jupiter, amount to 0.14% of that of the Sun.) Therefore, a '''hypothetical astronomer''' on an extrasolar planet would observe a small "wobble" in the Sun's motion.
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