Pseudoscience/Heliocentricism

Heliocentricism

the Greek god helios in his chariot, early 4th century BC, Athena's temple

Heliocentrism (also known as the heliocentric model) is a astronomical model in which the Earth and planets revolve around the Sun at the center of the universe.

While exploring Heliocentricism, consider the ancient civilizations that lead to the heliocentric model were also known for worshiping "Helios", which is a sun god that many ancient cults as well as modern cults still (indirectly) worship to this day.

The most undisguised sun-god is Ra. For the name is still used throughout the whole of Polynesia as a common noun, meaning the sun. He is a god in most groups, and, though uncreated, takes a subordinate place in their mythology and worship. In a annual festival, heaps of food were arranged in a heptagon, with fires at each angle round a central fire that was meant for the sun, and in this latter human sacrifice was burnt. That this is the "first published description of the sun-feast" shows how obscure the festival and the worship were.

You'll practically be unable to find the history of the heliocentric religion without running into some of the creepiest fellers on earth, starting with sun worshipers, the Jesuits, the Freemasons, and put that together and you'll see the Catholic Cult involved almost every step of the way.

900–700 BC

(India) Philosopher Yajnavalkya proposed elements of heliocentrism stating that the Sun was "the center of the spheres". However he also stated the sun has motion. (Sounds Geocentric, but he is given credit towards the heliocentric origins)

800–500 BC

(India) The Aitareya Brahmana states that "The sun does never set nor rise. When people think the sun is setting (it is not so)." (Sounds Geocentric, but he is given credit towards the heliocentric origins)

550-400 BC

(India) Aryabhata, in his magnum opus Aryabhatiya (499), propounded (To offer for consideration; to exhibit; to propose.) a planetary model in which the Earth was taken to be spinning on its axis and the periods of the planets were given with respect to the Sun. His immediate commentators, such as Lalla, and other later authors, rejected his innovative view about the turning Earth. He also made many astronomical calculations, such as the times of the solar and lunar eclipses, and the instantaneous motion of the Moon. Early followers of Aryabhata's model included Varahamihira, Brahmagupta, and Bhaskara II.

500 BC

(Greek) Pythagoras of Samos was an ancient Ionian Greek philosopher, polymath and the eponymous founder of Pythagoreanism. His political and religious teachings were well known in Magna Graecia and influenced the philosophies of Plato, Aristotle, and, through them, the West in general.

Pythagoras was credited with many mathematical and scientific discoveries, including the Pythagorean theorem, Pythagorean tuning, the five regular solids, the Theory of Proportions, the sphericity of the Earth, and the identity of the morning and evening stars as the planet Venus. It was said that he was the first man to call himself a philosopher ("lover of wisdom") and that he was the first to divide the "globe" into five climatic zones.

390 BC

(Turkey) Heraclides Ponticus (390BC – 310BC) was a Greek philosopher and astronomer who was born in Heraclea Pontica (now Karadeniz Ereğli, Turkey) and migrated to Athens. He is best remembered for proposing that the Earth rotates on its axis, from west to east, once every 24 hours. He is also hailed as the originator of the heliocentric theory; although this is disputed.

Heracleides sought to resolve difficulties involved in the observations of Venus and Mercury by proposing that these two planets revolved around the Sun, while the Sun in turn revolved around Earth. Heracleides also suggested that Earth rotates.

(Greek) The first non-geocentric model of the universe was proposed by the Pythagorean philosopher Philolaus, who taught that at the center of the universe was a "central fire", around which the Earth, Sun, Moon and planets revolved in uniform circular motion. (Kepler later gave an alternative explanation of the Pythagoreans' "central fire" as the Sun.)

This system postulated the existence of a counter-earth collinear with the Earth and central fire, with the same period of revolution around the central fire as the Earth. The Sun revolved around the central fire once a year, and the stars were stationary. The Earth maintained the same hidden face towards the central fire, rendering both it and the "counter-earth" invisible from Earth.

According to Aristotle (a critic of the Pythagoreans), the function of the Counter-Earth was to explain "eclipses of the moon and their frequency", and/or "to raise the number of heavenly bodies around the Central Fire from nine to ten, which the Pythagoreans regarded as the perfect number"

The Pythagorean concept of uniform circular motion remained unchallenged for approximately the next 2000 years, and it was to the Pythagoreans that Copernicus (a Jesuit) referred to show that the notion of a moving Earth was neither new nor revolutionary.

350 BC

Hebrew calendar based on the moon replaced by the Julian calendar based on the sun under penalty of death by the Roman emperor.

270 BC

(Greek) Aristarchus of Samos is known to be the first person to have proposed a heliocentric system. Like his contemporary Eratosthenes, Aristarchus calculated the size of the Earth by assuming both the sizes and distances of the Sun and Moon. From his estimates, he concluded that the Sun was six to seven times wider than the Earth, and thought that the larger object would have the most attractive force.

Aristarchus presumably took the stars to be very far away because he was aware that their parallax would otherwise be observed over the course of a year, however sufficiently powerful telescopes had not yet been developed until the 1830s.

190 BC

(Greek) The only other astronomer from antiquity known by name who is known to have supported Aristarchus' heliocentric model was Seleucus of Seleucia, a Hellenistic astronomer who flourished a century after Aristarchus in the Seleucid Empire. Seleucus was a proponent of the heliocentric system of Aristarchus. Seleucus may have proved the heliocentric theory by determining the constants of a geometric model for the heliocentric theory and developing methods to compute planetary positions using this model. He may have used early trigonometric methods that were available in his time, as he was a contemporary of Hipparchus.

Seleucus also theorized the phenomenon of tides to be caused by the attraction to the Moon and by the revolution of the Earth around the Earth and Moon's center of mass.

150 BC

Hipparchus adopts sphere and sun orbiting around the earth. Origin of the "heavenly bodies" are infinitely distant.

150 AD

Ptolomy's Ptolemaic system of astronomy lasted 1400 years with a stationary earth in a geocentric model (150 AD to Copernicus)

1st Century AD

Pythagoreanism was revived in the 1st century BC, giving rise to Neopythagoreanism (Neopythagoreanism was a school of Hellenistic and Roman philosophy which revived Pythagorean doctrines). The worship of Pythagoras continued in Italy and as a religious community Pythagoreans appear to have survived as part of, or deeply influenced, the Bacchic cults ^[1] and Orphism (Orphism: Cult of Dionysus) ^[2].

Bacchic rituals were said to have included omophagic practices, such as pulling live animals apart and eating the whole of them raw. This practice served not only as a reenactment of the infant death and rebirth of Bacchus, but also as a means by which Bacchic practitioners produced "enthusiasm".

5th Century AD

(Rome) There were occasional speculations about heliocentrism in Europe before Copernicus. In Roman Carthage, the pagan Martianus Capella expressed the opinion that the planets Venus and Mercury did not go about the Earth but instead circled the Sun. Capella's model was discussed in the Early Middle Ages by various anonymous 9th-century commentators and Copernicus (a Jesuit) mentions this pagan as an influence on his own work.

10th Century AD

(Turkey) Muslim astronomers accepted the Ptolemaic system and the geocentric model, which were used by Al-Battani to show that the distance between the Sun and the Earth varies. Al-Sijzi accepted that the Earth rotates around its axis.

Al-Sijzi invented an astrolabe called Al-zūraqī based on a belief held by some of his contemporaries that the apparent motion of the stars was due to the Earth's movement, and not that of the firmament.

Al-Sijzi studied intersections of conic sections and circles. He replaced the old kinematical trisection of an angle by a purely geometric solution (intersection of a circle and an equilateral hyperbola.)

Islamic astronomers began to criticize the Ptolemaic model, including Ibn Al-Haytham in his Al-Shukūk 'alā Baṭalamiyūs ("Doubts Concerning Ptolemy", c. 1028), who found contradictions in Ptolemy's model, but Al-Haytham remained committed to a geocentric model.

Al-Biruni discussed the possibility of whether the Earth rotated about its own axis and orbited the Sun, but in his Masudic Canon (1031), he expressed his faith in a geocentric and stationary Earth.

12th Century AD

(Spain) Non-heliocentric alternatives to the Ptolemaic system were developed by some Islamic astronomers, such as Nur Ad-Din Al-Bitruji, who considered the Ptolemaic model mathematical, and not physical. His system spread throughout most of Europe in the 13th century, with debates and refutations of his ideas continued to the 16th century.

The arguments and evidence used resemble those used by Copernicus (a Jesuit) to support the assumption of Earth's motion. The criticism of Ptolemy as developed by Averroes and by the Maragha school explicitly address the Earth's rotation but it did not arrive at explicit heliocentrism. The observations of the Maragha school were further improved at the Timurid-era Samarkand observatory under Qushji (1403–1474).

13th Century AD

European scholarship in the later medieval period actively received astronomical models developed in the Islamic world and was well aware of the problems of the Ptolemaic model.

14th Century AD

(France) Bishop Nicole Oresme discussed the possibility that the Earth rotated on its axis, while Cardinal Nicholas of Cusa asked whether there was any reason to assert that the Sun (or any other point) was the center of the universe. In parallel to a mystical definition of God, Cusa wrote that "Thus the fabric of the world (machina mundi) will quasi have its center everywhere and circumference nowhere," recalling Hermes Trismegistus.

(India) Nilakantha Somayaji (1444–1544) developed a computational system for a geo-heliocentric planetary model, in which the planets orbit the Sun, which in turn orbits the Earth, similar to the system later proposed by Tycho Brahe. it was said to be more mathematically accurate at predicting the heliocentric orbits of the interior planets than both the Tychonic and Copernican models. Nilakantha's "planetary system" also incorporated the Earth's rotation on its axis. Most astronomers of the Kerala school of astronomy and mathematics seem to have accepted his planetary model.

Ptolomy's theory still accepted view for some astronomers during Columbus' explorations. (earth a ball but not heliocentric)

(Poland) Nicolaus Copernicus (1473-1543) a Jesuit, astronomer, physician, priest, famous for the heliocentric planetary theory. He formulated a model of the universe that placed the Sun rather than Earth at its center.

In his model, Copernicus maintained that Earth was not the center of the universe. Instead, Copernicus believed that Earth and the other planets revolved around the Sun. Copernicus' system offered a simple explanation for many of the observed phenomena that could not be easily explained within the old system. Retrograde motion was one such phenomenon.

Retrograde motion is the apparent change in direction that is observed in a planet's motion as it travels across the sky. The Ptolemaic system attempted to account for retrograde motion with epicycles. According to the Ptolemaic system the planet moves on a circle (called the epicycle) while this circle revolves around Earth on a larger circle. With the Sun at the center of the universe, however, retrograde motion is easily explained. The apparent change in direction of the planet is a direct result of its orbit around the Sun.

The publication of Copernicus's model in his book De revolutionibus orbium coelestium (On the Revolutions of the Celestial Spheres), just before his death in 1543, was a major event in the history of science, triggering the "Copernican Revolution" and making a pioneering contribution to the Scientific Revolution (A takeover of the sciences by Jesuits).

15th Century AD

(Jewish) Already in the Talmud, Greek philosophy and science under the general name "Greek wisdom" were considered dangerous and put under ban. The first Jewish scholar to describe the Copernican system, albeit without mentioning Copernicus (a Jesuit) by name, was Maharal of Prague, in his book "Be'er ha-Golah" (1593). Maharal makes an argument of radical skepticism, arguing that no scientific theory can be reliable, which he illustrates by the new-fangled theory of heliocentrism upsetting even the most fundamental views on the cosmos.

(Italy) Galileo Galilei (1564-1642) a Freemason, astronomer, physicist, known as the "father of modern science". Galileo's championing of Copernican heliocentrism was met with opposition from within the Catholic Church and from some astronomers. The matter was investigated by the Roman Inquisition in 1615, which concluded that heliocentrism was foolish, absurd, and heretical since it contradicted the Ptolemaic system as well as the scriptures.

Galileo later defended his views in Dialogue Concerning the Two Chief World Systems (1632), which appeared to attack Pope Urban VIII and thus alienated both the Pope and the Jesuits, who had both supported Galileo up until this point. He was tried by the Inquisition, found "vehemently suspect of heresy", and forced to recant. He spent the rest of his life under house arrest.

(Germany) Christoph Scheiner (1573-1650) was a Jesuit, astronomer who discovered sunspots with telescopes.

(France) Pierre Gassendi (1592-1655) astronomer, Catholic, mathematician, priest, observed transit-Mercury across the Sun.

16th Century AD

Lipperhey invents first telescope (1543)

Kepler promotes Copernicus theory (1620)

(France) Jean-Felix Picard (1620-1682), (a Jesuit) earned the title of founder of modern astronomy in France even as he labored as a "priest". Born in La Flèche, where he studied at the Jesuit Collège Royal Henry-Le-Grand, he was fascinated from an early age with the heavens, and he gave his intellectual life to the cause of astronomy. Picard introduced new methods for watching the stars and improved and developed new scientific instruments.

Picard was the first person to provide an assumption of the size of the Earth through a survey conducted 1669-1670. His continued progress in instruments proved essential in the drafting of Isaac Newton’s theory of universal gravitation. Picard also worked and corresponded with a vast number of scientists of the time, including Isaac Newton, Christian Huygens, and a great rival, Giovanni Cassini.

Deeply respected by his contemporaries but overshadowed by Galileo, Newton, and Cassini, Picard was a founding member of the French Academy in 1666. He was honored in 1935 by having a moon crater named after him. (A less-elevated honor was bestowed in 1987, when his name was used for the character Captain Jean-Luc Picard on the television show Star Trek: The Next Generation.)

(Italy) Giovanni Battista Riccioli (1598-1671) was a Jesuit, astronomer, physicist, Jesuit. A lunar crater named after him.

(Italy) Francesco Grimaldi (1618-1663) was a Jesuit, astronomer, physicist, Jesuit, Known for "free fall" and diffraction of light.

(Italy) Giovanni Domenico Cassini (1625-1712) a Jesuit, astronomer, mathematician, discovered Saturn’s moons, rings.

Copernican theory becomes dominant among secularist astronomers (1675)

The Copernican principle

The Copernican principle (based on assumptions made by a Jesuit) states that humans, on the Earth or in the Solar System, are not privileged observers of the universe, that observations from the Earth are representative of observations from the average position in the universe. Named for Copernican heliocentrism, it is a working assumption that arises from a modified cosmological extension of Copernicus' argument of a moving Earth.

Copernican Revolution

The Copernican Revolution (based on assumptions made by a Jesuit) was the paradigm shift from the Ptolemaic model of the heavens, which described the cosmos as having Earth stationary at the center of the universe, to the heliocentric model with the Sun at the center of the Solar System. This revolution consisted of two phases; the first being extremely mathematical in nature and the second phase starting in 1610 with the publication of a pamphlet by Galileo. Beginning with the 1543 publication of Nicolaus Copernicus’s De revolutionibus orbium coelestium, contributions to the “revolution” continued until finally ending with Isaac Newton’s work over a century later (in the year 1666).

The "Copernican Revolution" is named for Nicolaus Copernicus (a Jesuit), whose Commentariolus, written before 1514, was the first explicit presentation of the heliocentric model in Renaissance scholarship. The idea of heliocentrism is much older; it can be traced to Aristarchus of Samos, a Hellenistic author writing in the 3rd century BC, who may in turn have been drawing on even older concepts in Pythagoreanism. Ancient heliocentrism was, however, eclipsed by the geocentric model presented by Ptolemy in the Almagest and accepted in Aristotelianism.

Newton invents the theory of Gravity (1687)

17th Century AD

(German) In 1783, amateur astronomer William Herschel attempted to determine the shape of the universe by examining stars through his handmade telescopes. Herschel was the first to propose a model of the universe based on observation and measurement.

(Czech) Christian Mayer (1719-1783) was a Jesuit, astronomer, known for pioneering binary star study.

(Italy) Giuseppe Piazzi (1746-1826) was a priest, astronomer, mathematician, known for discovery of first dwarf planet, Ceres.

(Austria) Thaddäus Derfflinger (1748-1824) a Benedictine monk, astronomer, known for sunspot observer.

(Italy) Barnaba Oriani (1752-1832) a priest, astronomer, known for detailed research of planet Uranus.

(France) Jacques Philippe Binet (1786-1856) a physicist, Catholic, astronomer, known for Binet’s Theorem, Binet-Cauchy identity.

(France) Gaspard-Gustave de Coriolis (1792-1843) a Catholic, meteorologist, mathematician, known for Coriolis effect, invented the term "kinetic energy".

18th Century AD

(Jewish) A controversy on the Copernican model within Judaism arises, most authors in this period had accepted Copernican heliocentrism, with opposition from David Nieto and Tobias Cohn, who argued against heliocentrism on the grounds it contradicted scripture. Nieto merely rejected the new system on those grounds without much passion, whereas Cohn went so far as to call Copernicus (a Jesuit) "a first-born of Satan".

(Belgian) Georges Lemaître (1894-1966), a Jesuit, 'priest", physicist, and mathematician, first proposed the Big Bang Theory for the birth of the universe. Born in Charleroi, Belgium, he studied math and science at Cambridge University after ordination in 1923 and specialized in the then-most-current studies in astronomy and cosmology, especially Einstein’s general theory of relativity.

The accepted idea in physics at the time was that the universe was essentially in a changeless state-a “Steady State.” where Einstein saw that the universe was actually moving (either shrinking or expanding) and devised the cosmological constant that maintained the stability of universe, Lemaître concluded that the universe was expanding. Not only that, Lemaître proposed that from this it could be concluded that all matter and energy were concentrated at one point. Hence: The universe had a beginning. This theory, at first met with great skepticism, was termed rather sarcastically the “Big Bang.”

For his part, Lemaître described this beginning as “a day without yesterday”. He presented his theory in January 1933 to a gathering of scientists in California, and at the end of his presentation, Einstein applauded and declared, “This is the most beautiful and satisfactory explanation of creation to which I have ever listened”. Lemaître’s ideas subsequently gained ground. Today, astrophysicists readily accept the Big Bang and the continuing expansion of the universe. For his labors, Lemaître was made a member of the Royal Academy of Belgium and a canon of the cathedral of Malines. In 1936, Pope Pius XI inducted him into the Pontifical Academy of Science.

(France) Urbain Le Verrier (1811-1877) a Catholic, astronomer, known for discovery of Neptune.

(Italy) Angelo Secchi (1818-1878) a Jesuit, astronomer, known for first to state the Sun is a star.

(Italy) Lorenzo Respighi (1824-1889) a "Catholic", astronomer, known for 1st spectroscopic observation on sun's border.

(Hungary) Gyula Fényi (1845-1927) a Jesuit, astronomer, studied solar prominences.

Darwin invents the origin of the species (1859)

19th Century AD

(Europe) Thomas Wright and Immanuel Kant speculated that fuzzy patches of light called nebulae were actually distant "island universes" consisting of many stellar systems. The shape of the Milky Way galaxy was expected to resemble such "islands universes."

20th Century AD

Einstein's theories (1905)

(United States) George Coyne (1933-2020) a Jesuit, astronomer, director of the Vatican Observator ("Lucifer" telescope).

Harlow Shapley's work on globular clusters and Edwin Hubble's assumptions in 1924 showed that the Sun is not the center of the universe, cosmology moved on from heliocentrism to galactocentrism, which states that the Milky Way is the center of the universe.

Hubble's observations of redshift in light from distant galaxies assumed that the universe was expanding and acentric. As a result, soon after galactocentrism was formulated, it was abandoned in favor of the Big Bang model of the acentric expanding universe. Further assumptions, such as the Copernican principle, the cosmological principle, dark energy, and dark matter, eventually lead to the current model of cosmology, Lambda-CDM (Lambda-Cold Dark Matter, or ΛCDM model is a mathematical model of the Big Bang theory with three major components: 1. a cosmological constant denoted by lambda associated with dark energy 2. the postulated cold dark matter denoted by CDM 3. ordinary matter).

The concept of an absolute velocity, including being "at rest" as a particular case, is ruled out by the principle of relativity, also eliminating any obvious "center" of the universe as a natural origin of coordinates. Even if the discussion is limited to the Solar System, the Sun is not at the geometric center of any planet's orbit, but rather approximately at one focus of the elliptical orbit. Furthermore, to the extent that a planet's mass cannot be neglected in comparison to the Sun's mass, the center of gravity of the Solar System is displaced slightly away from the center of the Sun. (The masses of the planets, mostly Jupiter, amount to 0.14% of that of the Sun.) Therefore, a hypothetical astronomer on an extrasolar planet would observe a small "wobble" in the Sun's motion.

NASA created (1958)

Moon landing hoax (1969)

Hubble launched (1990)

References

[CultofBacchus-1] YouTube: The Cult of Bacchus - Livy's Bacchanalian Affair

[CultofDionysus-2] YouTube: Orphism - Cult of Dionysus, Mystery Religion, Orphic Egg, Phanes, Esotericism, Cosmogony & Afterlife

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