Observations/Interferometry

Interferometry

Interferometry makes use of the principle of superposition to combine waves in a way that will cause the result of their combination to have some meaningful property that is diagnostic of the original state of the waves. This works because when two waves with the same frequency combine, the resulting intensity pattern is determined by the phase difference between the two waves—waves that are in phase will undergo constructive interference while waves that are out of phase will undergo destructive interference. Waves which are not completely in phase nor completely out of phase will have an intermediate intensity pattern, which can be used to determine their relative phase difference. Most interferometers use light or some other form of electromagnetic wave.

Michelson–Morley experiment (1887)

, tests of earths motion around the sun, to deduce that motion through the Æther

Dayton Miller (1902 - 1933)

Dayton Miller conducted the most extensive experimentation using laser interferometry during the early to mid 1900s, conducting a total of 5,200,000 measurements. Miller was able to determine a direct cause and effect relationship with the speed of The Ether the most the movement of the sun and the axial tilt of the cosmic microwave background the Fringe shift pattern reached their maximum and minimum dimensions in accordance with the equinoxes this is a direct this is directly relating a translation of motion from the sky to the Earth

The subsequent Nicholson Morley experiments in modern times that are trending towards zero for detection in their friendship pattern only further approved Miller's hypothesis that as you get closer to the surface of the Earth less motion will be translated than an altitude he also made considerations for the environment of the apparatus (I.E is it enclosed, is it in a basement, at the bottom of a building, what's it enclosed in, what are those materials made out of, what sort of shielding is used for the apparatus).

Miller's later work consisted of taking measurements at altitude, this allowed him to make consistent measurements of the fluctuation in ether speed.

In 1933, in summary of all his laser interferometry work, Miller said:

"a very striking consistency of their principal characteristics, for Azimuth and magnitude, as though they were related to a common cause, the observed effect is dependent upon sidereal time and is independent of diurnal and seasonal changes of temperature and other terrestrial causes, and is a cosmical phenomenon."

As the universe completes its yearly circuit around us on its 23 degree axial tilt, referring to the cosmic microwave background, that motion corresponds to the movement of the Sun as it travels along the axis between the Tropics of Capricorn and Cancer which produces our seasons.

It should be noted that while David Miller was alive that his work could not be refuted. Miller undertook extensive controlled experiments and procedures to guard against laboratory artifacts, and objectively determine the sensitivity of his apparatus.

While Miller was doing these experiments that were proving a measurement with The Ether in correspondence with the with the sky , he was criticized heavily. People were saying that can't be possible, you must there must be some error in your work, and had a lot of people attacking and critiquing his work while his experiments were going on.

Miller would actively take steps to address the criticisms, as well and modify his experiments to address the the criticisms. So that's something really cool about Miller, is every time he was criticized instead of just saying No and rejecting the criticism, he would literally do hundreds of thousands of experiments and measurements directly addressing what was what was previously thought to be wrong.

Adjustments the experiment: Miller's response to criticisms

• Miller had the ability to adjust the mirrors with fine Precision, he had really precise finely threaded screws, and just by turning the screws 16 degrees he could isolate 100 wavelengths of light.
• he added weights to the apparatus, so that when it's spinning you he could make sure that it's balancing correctly and it's staying level while while it's rotating.
• for minimizing vibrations, they adjusted the apparatus and how they moved it and got it into position they had they had a thin string attached to it and they would just carefully drag it along
• the apparatus itself was suspended in a pool of mercury so it was friction-less, it would just float on top and they would spin it very very carefully
• they designed special equipment made of aluminum and Brass so that it could negate against magnetic effects and evaluated the way the Mercury interacted with the base of the apparatus so they tried bases of wood, concrete, different metals, and basically what they were testing was that was the distribution of weight on the Mercury and how that would affect the spin and friction and see it tested with different light sources so they were he was testing to see if other light sources would interfere with with The Fringe patterns.
• he tested in direct sunlight and artificial light to check for different wavelengths to see how that would interfere with it.
• he performed temperature evaluation using artificial heating to heat and cool the apparatus just to see how actual length contraction and expansion would affect it.
• after he determined that temperature had some effect, he did thermal installation to further protect against from thermal heating in nature, by assessing low-level thermal effects from having his assistant take recordings and measurements standing next to the device at varying places to see if just the body heat of another person in the room would affect it.
• he was very thorough in evaluating environmental temperature effects, he constructing special housing to shelter the interferometer, he built a house with walls, a canvas roof, windows, and Shielded against the all the environmental effects, because basically what he found was that the more in the open, you could have the device, but shielded to protect against the factors that would cause variation in the fringe shift. As much as possible, having it at altitude and in conditions in the open, you will get the consistent fringe shift readings. In modern times what they do is the place the interferometer in a basement of a building.

The original Michelson-Morley device was in a basement and even that still detected a fringe shift pattern albeit, slightly less, it still has the potential to to detect it. So when you want to get the consistent measurements in altitude, and having it in the open, it is definitely the way to do it. So observing periodic effects, Miller noted that he never observed any periodic effects expressing themselves according to the Civil time coordinates, indicating the thermal effects radiating from the specific walls related to the solar heating were not influences this apparatus, so throughout the day the apparatus was heated in accordance with the temperature of the day, so you know wasn't affecting anything.

Miller's Data

Figure 1

Periodicity of the of global ether Drift from Dayton Miller's Mount Wilson ether drift experiment 1925-1926. The top graft above plus the data from four separate months or epochs measured at different times of the year organized by sidereal time showing a definite periodic curve the heavy line is the mean of all four epochs. (figure 1 bottom Graph) above plots the same data organized by civil clock time coordinates, here is the same data spread out along the graph without apparent periodicity.

This demonstrates that the detected axis in the Periodicity of The Ether drift is the same or different times of that year, so it can only be seen when the data is viewed through a cosmological sidereal coordinate system from Miller 1928, page 362. These data curves are organized along with Azimuth means that were later recomputed with Miller's publication as given in (Figure 1 top Graph).

On average velocity and Azimuth of global ether drift, from Dayton Miller's Mount Wilson ether drift experiments 1925-1926. (Figure 1 top Graph) average variations is observed in The observed magnitude of ether Drift from all four epochs of measurement. Maximum velocities occurs at about five hours sidereal time and minimum velocity occurs at about 17 hours sidereal time. While Miller's 1933 paper assumed the Earth was pushing through the ether and moving towards Dorado near the southern pole of the plane of the ecliptic, the movement and direction of The Ether drift past the interferometer was exactly opposite to this toward Draco, near the North Pole, and the plane of the ecliptic 17 hours right Ascension declination of plus 68 degrees.

It is important from the standpoint of his working the theory to clarify the concepts of the net motion of the earth versus the direction of The Ether drift, however if the ether itself is in motion acting as a cosmic prime mover the direction of The Ether drift in the net motion of the Earth would be identical, although at different velocities.

Figure 2

The bottom graph average variation and observed Azimuth readings according to sidereal time this graph uses the theme average and data curve from (Figure 1 top graph) published by Miller 1928 page 363. But at the time was given a different Baseline average the the same graph is present here for the first time using Miller's revised seasonal averages as published in 1933 page 235, which helped Define the axis of ether drift.

Amazingly the independent averages of the four epochs provided by Miller (February equals minus 10 degrees west of North, April equals plus 40 degrees east, August equals plus 10 degrees east, and in September equals plus 55 degrees east), yielded together results in a mean displacement of 23.75 degrees east from North (Figure 2 bottom graph). This is close to the Earth's axial tilt of 23.5 degrees, and can hardly be a coincidence.

Dayton Miller modeled out, based on those measurements, so basically he thought that he was measuring the axial tilt of the earth. A model constructed by Miller displaying the axis of ether drift through the four seasons (of what he thought was the Earth moving around the Sun and the axis of drift), this model appears to be roughly perpendicular to the plane of the ecliptic, so this is what Miller modeled out from his measurements. So, I'm going to play this out that this is what Miller measured, essentially on a flat plane with the sun doing all of the same stuff that he measured in the ether translating the motion of the sky down to the Earth.

Shanklin's Response

Robert Shanklin was brought in to basically character assassinate Miller and his work. Shanklin a former student of Miller later became a proponent of Einstein's relativity theory, and he built his career on Publications that misrepresented the Michelson-Morley experiments as solid evidence against the existence of ether. The bias raised questions about the objectivity of Shanklin and his team, as reviewers of Miller's work.

Misrepresentation of the experimental results, Shanklin's falsely claimed that the trials of Mickelson-Morley experiments, except those carried out by Miller, yielded "null results". This misrepresentation ignores the slight positive result obtained by several other interferometer experiments, suggesting as a deliberate bias against Miller's findings. Lack of comprehensive evaluation, Shanklin's paper gave the impression of a comprehensive review of Miller's interferometer observations, but was limited in scope.

The team focused on searching for random ears or statistical fluctuations that Miller's data, and looking for selected data sets that demonstrate temperature artifacts. This limited approach undermines The credibility of their critiques of it's statistical analysis. The statistical analysis presented at Shanklin's paper was actually conducted by a physicist student named Robert L Stearns, who received only a footnote credit. The fact that none of the four authors of the paper undertook the analysis raised questions about the expertise and objectivity of Shanklin's team. The teams inadequate analysis evaluation to the temperature artifacts, they raised the possibility of temperature artifacts and Miller's data, but failed to conduct a systematic evaluation, they relied upon they relied on controlled experiments conducted by Miller which actually demonstrated that thermal effects were not responsible for the observed periodic displacements. The team's dismissal of Miller's rigorous temperature control procedures without providing independent experimental evidence is illogical.

In Shanklin's paper it even says that he doesn't have enough of the temperature data to make these claims but they basically just hand wave/dismiss everything and chalk it up to temperature gradients and you know as if Miller wasn't aware of any of that, which he you know Miller obviously was.

Miller addressed at many times and even called Einstein out in a paper (need citation). There's a long history of you know people trying to dunk on Miller and while he was alive he couldn't do it, so after he died that's when the that's when the Sharks came in and uh picked at the bones of his of his work.

David's Miller work on The Ether drift which was conducted with precision and diligence has been disregarded and omitted from The History of Science, despite Miller's response to his criticism to his critics in his consistent demonstration of The Ether drift phenomenon he was viewed as a threat by Einstein and his followers who sought to explain away Miller's work.

The Shanklin team and their attempt to discredit Miller selectively analyzed his data and failed to systematically evaluate his most important experiments, while the Shanklin conclusion were negative, they were they inadvertently confirmed Miller's work of a periodic effect in the interferometer data, which was not due to random errors or mechanical effects.

The Shanklin team focused on the temperature artifacts but did not thoroughly analyze Miller's most crucial Mount Wilson data. The large issue of the periodic effects of the data and the potential impact of the temperature were not adequately addressed by shanklin's team. A Team possibly influenced by Einstein, Cherry-Picked the data to support their predetermined conclusion that Miller was wrong rather than following the scientific method. Independent studies of Miller's work support his findings of the existence of an Æther-like Force.

See the video presentation "History of Laser Interferometry: Dayton Miller" on YouTube @ Space Audits

Dufour and Prunier

1942, performed supplement Sagnac effect experiments. They reproduced the original experiment, the only difference is they doubled the diameter of the spinning apparatus.

This experiment showed complete evidence of the failure of relativity.

0.053 fringe for Æther

References

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