Misc/Greenland Theory/10.04 Cross

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10.04 Cross

The Roman Cross (i.e., “+”) is a basic symbol which, more than any other symbol, has come to represent the Roman Empire throughout the underworld. It is generally displayed at cemeteries, churches, hospitals, on the Holy Bible, all concepts which have to do with time as the Bible is the allegorical and metaphorical history book the Roman Empire. The Roman Cross is also found in the coat or arms and flags of hundreds of countries, both past and present, showing the global rule of the Roman Empire. The English word “cross” was derived from the Latin word “crux”, a Roman torture device used for crucifixion. Due to the cross’ affiliation with time, the term crux suggests that the Roman Empire has been using the concept of time to torture the world for centuries. In the Roman Score (i.e., the Roman alphabet), the “+” symbol equates to the letter “D”, an acronym for “Day”, “Die”, and “Death”. The term “Day” is a reference to the 24/7 sunlight of Greenland which was discovered at the Kairos or perfect time, allowing the Roman Empire to outwit her enemies of the day (e.g., Persian Empire, Ming Dynasty, etc.). In the Roman Score, the “X” symbol (i.e., the Saltire Cross) equates to the letter “N”, an acronym for “Ney”, No” and “North”. English words derived from the term “cross” include but are not limited to: crass, crazy, crease, crest, Christ, christen, christening, crisis, crucifix, crux, and increase.

Cross in Time

In Greek, the term Kairos is defined as the right or opportune moment (i.e., the supreme moment). The word “Kairos” (C/K+R+S) is consonantly speaking the same as “Cross” (C/K+R+S) which suggests that this where the term was ultimately derived from. The horizontal line of the cross (i.e., “—”) could theoretically be seen as a timeline while the vertical line of the cross (i.e., “I”) could be construed as the intersecting moment in time. In Greek mythology, Icarus (C/K+R+S), whose name is also consonantly speaking the same as “Cross” (C/K+R+S), was given wings by his father who warned him not to fly too close to the sun, nor too close to the sea. Instead of heading his father’s advice, Icarus flew too close to the sun, melting his wings which ended in death. The Greek narrative appears to be an allegorical metaphor for concept of time. Doing things too early or too late can have devastating consequences, especially in respect to matters of state. The notion that the Roman Cross equates to time is evident in the Marian Cross which depicts the letters “T” and “M”, the two consonants in the world “Time” (T+M). Because so-called Ancient Egypt is historical cover for the Greco-Roman Empire, Egyptian gods such as Amun-Ra, Hathor, Isis, Khnum and Ra are depicted holding an Ankh in their hand, a symbol from which the Cross of Tau (i.e., the letter “T”) was evidently derived from. The loop atop the “T” appears to symbolize the circular concept of time (e.g., a clock or sundial). The fact that these gods are holding “time” in their hands suggests that the Greco-Roman Empire was not only aware of time as a concept but was using Kairos or cross to their advantage. Interestingly, the Staurogram is constructed by the letter “P” atop the Cross of Tau (i.e., the letter “T”), spelling the world “PT” as in “fate” (F/P+T). Fate or destiny is a predetermined course of events that are based on the belief that there is a fixed natural order to the cosmos, which itself is based on time. The term “Staurogram” (S+T+R+G+R+M) acronymically and/or consonantly equates to “Star/Steer Greenland Rome”, she has been steering the fate of the planet for nearly over 1,000 years. The Staurogram evidently morphed into the Chi-Rho over time, one of the most popular symbols of the Roman Catholic Church.

Marcus Licinius Crassus

The Roman man Marcus Licinius Crassus is historically credited with the invention of the first fire brigade in the Roman Empire. In the wake a naturally occurring or arson caused fires, Crassus’ fire brigade of slaves would race to the scene of the burnings building whereupon Crassus would offer to buy the property for a fraction of its true value. If the owner sold, Crassus would instruct the fire brigade to put the fire out. If the owner refused to sell, Crassus would allow the building to burn to the ground. By routinely engaging in arson and the extortion of property, Crassus became the largest single private landholder in Rome and the wealthiest man in Roman history. Terms such as “Lieutenant”, “Captain” and “Battalion”, which are widely used in modern times by both police and military services, were likely first coined during the days of firefighting in the Roman Empire. The word “lieutenant” was likely derived from the phrase “lie to tenant”, while the term “battle” was likely derived from the term “battalion”, as in fire battalion. The term Kairos or cross may have even been originally derived from “Crass”, as in Marcus Licinius Crassus, for he would arrive at the perfect time to extort property. Consequently, symbols of fire brigades around the world are adorned with a “cross”, most notably St. Florian’s Cross which appears to have been derived from the crossing of two bugles, symbolizing the sirens of the time. Bugles are still widely used today to signify the rank of firefighters. It is imperative to note that Crassus was likely only the front man of a state-sponsored program of arson and extortion in Rome. The English term “cross”, which is defined in part as “a fraudulent or dishonest contest” or “dishonest or illegal practices”, and the term “crass”, which is defined as “having or indicating such grossness of mind as precludes delicacy and discrimination”, are both apparent references to the personality of Crassus and that of the Roman Empire.

Mariner's Cross

Although the narrative surrounding Marcus Licinius Crassus is a plausible explanation for the origin of the word “cross”, the theory herein surrounding the Anchored Cross (i.e., the Marines Cross) is feasible as well. Geographically speaking, the Alps form the anchor of the Roman Empire’s military defense to the North. Any invading force would have to either scale the Alps (an unlikely feat) or attack Rome via the Mediterranean Sea. Consequently, Roman Navy employed two legions of Marines known as I Adiutrix and II Adiutrix, the first distinct naval infantry units for service on land. One legion was likely responsible for the East side of Italy while the other was responsible for the West side. Greco-Roman Marines were known as hoplites for they “hopped” aboard suspicious ships as part of Rome’s extremely tight naval security. The Roman Cross (i.e., “+”) therefore may be shorthand for the Mariner’s Cross which came to represent the military security of the Roman Empire. The Mariner's Cross (i.e., the Marines Cross) is currently depicted in the names, logos and symbols of numerous countries’ Marines Corps, including but not limited to: the Argentine Marine Corps; the Columbian Marines; the French Marine Corps; the Netherlands Marine Corps; the Mexican Marine Corps; the Indonesian Marine Corps; the Italian Marine Corps; the Pakistan Marines; the Philippine Marine Corps; the Republic of China Marine Corps; the Republic of Korea Marine Corps; the Royal Marines; the Royal Norwegian Marines; the Royal Thai Marine Corps; the Spanish Navy Marines; the Ukrainian Marine Corps; and the United States Marine Corps.

Types of Roman Crosses

The Roman Cross is currently depicted in over 80 forms, including but not limited to: the Anchored Cross; the Ankh; the Armenian Cross; the Balkenkreuz; the Barbed Cross; the Basque Cross; the Bolgar Cross; the Bolnisi Cross; the Bottony Cross; the Brigid's Cross; the Budded Cross; the Bundeswehr Cross; the Calvary Cross; the Canterbury Cross; the Celtic Cross; the Celtic Cross Simplified; the Cercelée Cross; the Chi-Rho; the Christian Cross; the Coptic Ankh; the Coptic Cross; the Cross of Cerdanya; the Cross of Sacrifice; the Cross of Saint George; the Cross of Saint James; the Cross of Saint of Julian; the Cross of Saint Peter; the Cross of Saint Thomas; the Cross of Salem; the Cross of Tau; the Crosslet Cross; the Crosslet Fitchy Cross; the Crucifix; the Crux Immissa; the Crux Simplex; the Double Cross; the Erminée Cross; the Fitchy Cross; the Fleury Cross; the Florian Cross; the Fourchee Cross; the Fylfot Cross; the Grapevine Cross; the Greek Cross; the Heraldic Cross; the High Cross; the Jerusalem Cross; the Latin Cross; the Lorraine Cross; the Macedonian Cross; the Maltese Cross; the Marian Cross; the Mariner's Cross; the Moline Cross; the Monogrammatic Cross; the New Coptic Cross; the Occitan Cross; the Order of Christ Cross; the Original Coptic Cross; the Orthodox Cross; the Papal Cross; the Patonce Cross; the Patriarchal Cross; the Pattée Cross; the Pierced Cross; the Pierced Quarterly Cross; the Pisan Cross; the Pommee Cross; the Potent Cross; the Quadrate Cross; the Quadruple Cross; the Red Cross; the Rosy Cross; the Saltire Cross; the Scandinavian Cross; the Serbian Cross; the Sun Cross; the Swastika; the Thieves' Cross; the Victory Cross; and the Voided Cross. Other symbology derived from the Roman Cross include but are not limited to: the compass rose (e.g., Island of Rhodes); the crossed keys (e.g., the Vatican); the crossed swords; the dagger/obelisk; the four-leaf clover; the isometric illusion; and the skull and crossbones (e.g., Greco-Roman Pirates).

Roman Cross in Popular Culture The Roman Cross is so rampant is all facets of popular culture it is impossible to document. A few examples include but are not limited to: Business: logo of Alpha Romeo; and the logo of the Microsoft Corporation; Banking: logo of Bank for International Settlements (BIS); and the logo of RBS (Royal Bank of Scotland); Letters: the letter “T” (i.e., the Cross of Tau) in the English alphabet; the letter “X” (i.e., the Saltire Cross) in the English alphabet; the letter Ṭeth (i.e., an “O” superimposed with an “X” ”) in the Phoenician alphabet; the letter/number “+” (i.e., the letter “D”) in the Roman Score (i.e., the Roman alphabet); the letter/number “T” (i.e., the Cross of Tau) in the Roman Score; and the the letter/number “X” (i.e., the letter “N”) in the Roman Score; Numbers: the “十” symbol, the Chinese character for the number “10”; and the “X.” symbol is the Roman numeral for the number “10”; Secret Societies: Virtually all of the hundreds of secret societies of the Roman Empire have a cross in their respective logos and seals, including the most popular and recognizable ones (e.g., the Knights Hospitallers; the Knights of Columbus; the Knights Templar; the Martinist Order; the Neocatechumenal Way; Ops Dei; the Dominican Order; the Franciscan Order; the Hermetic Order of the Golden Dawn; the Ku Klux Klan; the Rosicrucian Order; the Society of Jesus; the Sovereign Military Order of Malta, etc.); Science: Crux is the smallest of the of the 88 modern constellations: Societies: logo of the Christian Church (Disciples of Christ); logo of the International Red Cross and Red Crescent Movement; flag of Red Cross; and the flag of the Sovereign Military Order of Malta; and Symbols: the addition sign (i.e., “+”); and the multiplication sign (i.e., “x”).

Roman Cross Worldwide

The Roman Cross which was once depicted on the war flag of the Holy Roman Empire (1200-1350) adorns or has adorned the flags of at least 190 countries and territories as evidenced in the historical timeline of national flags. Since there are only 206 countries and territories, virtually the entire world has been under the flag of the Roman Empire at some point in its history. These respective counties and territories include but are not limited to: Åland: flag of Åland; Alderney: coat of arms of Alderney; and the flag of Alderney; American Samoa: coat of arms of American Samoa; Angola: flag of Portugal (1667); flag of Portugal (1707); flag of Portugal (1750); flag of Portugal (1816); flag of Portugal (1826); flag of Portugal (1830); flag of Portugal (1911); and the flag of the Portuguese Overseas Province of Angola (1967); Anguilla: flag of Anguilla; Antigua and Barbuda: flag of Antigua and Barbuda (1632); flag of Antigua and Barbuda (1801); ensign of the Antigua and Barbuda Coastguard (1967); standard of the Governor of Antigua and Barbuda (1967-1981); flag of Anguilla (1990); and the standard of the Governor of Anguilla (1990); Antilles: flag of the Netherlands Antilles (1986-2010); Argentina: flag of Cross of Burgundy (1536); flag of Bandera de Costas (1717); and the flag of Spain (1785); Armenia: coat of arms of Armenia; Ascension Island: flag of Ascension Island; Australia: Union Flag (1770); flag of United Kingdom (1801); flag of Australia (1901-1903); flag of Australia (1903-1909); flag of Australia (1909); Australian Colonial flag; Australian Federation flag; Eureka flag; coat of arms of Australia; ensign of Australia; ensign of the Royal Australian Air Force; flag of Australian Prime Minister; flag of Anti-Transportation League; flag of Murray River; naval ensign of Australia; and the royal standard of Australia; Austria: flag of Austria-Hungary (1869-1918); and the flag of German Reich (1935–1945); Bahamas: Union Flag (1632); flag of United Kingdom (1801); flag of the Bahamas (1869-1904); flag of the Bahamas (1904-1923); flag of the Bahamas (1923-1953); flag of the Bahamas (1953-1964); flag of the Bahamas (1964); and the coat of arms of Bahamas; Bangladesh: flag of the British East India Company (1757); flag of the British East India Company (1801); and the flag of Imperial India (1858); Barbados: Union Flag (1770); flag of United Kingdom (1801); flag of Barbados (1870–1966); and the coat of arms of Barbados; Belarus: flag of Lithuania (1587); and the flag of German Reich (1941); Belgium: flag of Cross of Burgundy-Low Countries (1482); flag of the Austrian Low Countries flag (1713); coat of arms of Belgium; and the naval ensign of Belgium; Belize: flag of Cross of Burgundy (1519); flag of United Kingdom (1838); flag of Jamaica (1875); and the flag of British Honduras (1919); Benin: coat of arms of Benin; Bermuda: flag of Bermuda; Bhutan: coat of arms of Bhutan; Bolivia: flag of Cross of Burgundy (1534); flag of Bandera de Costas (1717); and the flag of Spain (1785); Bonaire: coat of arms of Bonaire; Botswana: flag of United Kingdom (1885); Brazil: flag of Princes of Brazil (1697); flag of Bandeira Reino Unido Portugal Brasil Algarve (1816); flag of Empire of Brazil (1822-1870); flag of the Fortaleza; and the flag of Rio de Janeiro; British Antarctic Territory: flag of British Antarctic Territory; British Indian Ocean Territory: coat of arms of British Indian Ocean Territory; and the flag of British Indian Ocean Territory; British Virgin Islands: flag of the British Virgin Islands (1960); flag of the Governor of the British Virgin Islands (1960); civil ensign of the British Virgin Islands (1960); and the flag of British Virgin Islands; British Windward Islands: flag of the British Windward Islands (1903-1960); Bulgaria: coat of arms of Bulgaria; Burundi: flag of Burundi; Cameroon: flag of United Kingdom (1916); and the flag of British Cameroons (1922-1961); Canada: Union Flag (1606); red ensign of the British Empire (1707); civil ensign of the United Kingdom (1801); red ensign of Canada (1868-1921); red ensign of Canada (1921-1957); flag proposed for Canada (1946); red ensign of Canada (1957-1965); coat of arms of Canada; flag of Nova Scotia; flag of Quebec; and the flag of the Royal Military College of Canada; Canary Islands: flag of Tenerife; Cayman Islands: flag of Cayman Islands; Central African Republic: coat of arms of Central African Republic; Chad: coat of arms of Chad; Chile: flag of Cross of Burgundy (1541); flag of Bandera de Costas (1717); and the flag of Spain (1785); Comoros: coat of arms of Comoros; Cook Islands: flag of the Kingdom of Rarotonga (1888–1893); flag of the Cook Islands Federation (1893-1901); flag of the United Kingdom (1901-1902); flag of the Flag of New Zealand (1902-1973); coat of arms of Cook Islands; and the flag of Cook Islands; Colombia: flag of Cross of Burgundy (1525); flag of Bandera de Costas (1717); flag of Spain (1785); coat of arms of Archipelago of San Andrés; and the flag of Archipelago of San Andrés; Costa Rice: flag of Cross of Burgundy (1506); flag of Costa Rica (1824); flag of Costa Rica (1824-1840); and the flag of Costa Rica (1842-1848); Cuba: flag of Cross of Burgundy (1506); Curaçao: coat of arms of Curaçao; Cyprus: flag of the United Kingdom (1878); and the flag of Cyprus (1922-1960); Czech Republic: flag of Austria-Hungary (1869): flag of German Reich (1939); coat of arms of Czech Republic; and the presidential standard of Czech and Slovak Federal Republic; Denmark: state banner of Denmark (1396); coat of arms of Denmark; flag of Bornholm; flag of Denmark; flag of Jutland; flag of Vendsyssel; naval ensign of Denmark; royal standard of Denmark; standard of Frederik the Crown Prince of Denmark; standard of Henrik the Prince Consort of Denmark; standard of the Regent of Denmark; and the standard of the Royal House of Denmark; Dominica: the Royal Standard of King Louis XIV (1663); Union Flag (1763); flag of the United Kingdom (1801); flag of the British Windward Islands (1940); flag of Dominica (1978); flag of Dominica (1981); flag of Dominica (1981); and the flag of Dominica; Dominican Republic: flag of Cross of Burgundy (1506); flag of the Dominican Republic (1844-1849); flag of the Dominican Republic (1849); flag of Spain (1861); air force Ensign of Dominican Republic; army flag of Dominican Republic; coat of arms of Dominican Republic; flag of Dominican Republic; flag of Judicial Power and the Supreme Court; naval ensign of the Dominican Republic; naval jack of the Dominican Republic; and the presidential standard of the Dominican Republic; East Timor: flag of Portugal (1702); flag of Portugal (1707); flag of Portugal (1750); flag of Portugal (1816); flag of Portugal (1826); flag of Portugal (1830); and the flag of Portugal (1911); Ecuador: flag of Cross of Burgundy (1534); flag of Bandera de Costas (1717); and the flag of Spain (1785); El Salvador: flag of Cross of Burgundy (1519); England: coat of arms of the House of Neville; flag of Cornwall; flag of England; and the flag of Saint Alban's Cross; Equatorial Guinea: flag of Bandera de Costas (1178); flag of Portugal (1667); flag of Portugal (1707); flag of Portugal (1750); and the flag of Spain (1785); Eritrea: flag of Italy (1890); flag of the United Kingdom (1941); and the flag of Ethiopia (1941); Estonia: flag of Sweden (1562); flag of German Reich (1941); and the naval jack of Estonia; Ethiopia: flag of Ethiopia (1897-1936); flag of Italy (1936); flag of Ethiopia (1941-1974); war ensign of the Imperial Ethiopian Navy (1955–1974); flag of Ethiopia (1974-1975); and the war ensign of the Imperial Ethiopian Navy (1974–1975); Falkland Islands: flag of Falkland Islands; Faroe Islands: flag of Faroe Islands; Federated States of Micronesia: flag of Spain (1885); Fiji: flag of the United Kingdom of Fiji (1871-1874); flag of the United Kingdom (1878); flag of Fiji (1908-1924); flag of Fiji (1924);flag of Fiji (1924-1970); flag of Fiji (1970); civil air ensign of Fiji; civil ensign of Fiji; coat of arms of Fiji; flag of Fiji; government ensign of Fiji; naval ensign of Fiji; and the standard of the President of Fiji; Finland: flag of Sweden (1562); flag of Finland; and the flag of the President of Finland; France: naval Flag of the Kingdom of France; Gambia: Union Flag (1783); and the flag of the United Kingdom (1801); Ghana: coat of arms of Ghana; Georgia: flag of Georgia (14th Century); coat of arms of Georgia; flag of Drosha Jvari; flag of Georgia; flag of Georgian Military; standard of Chief of General Staff; and the standard of Minister of Defense; Germany: flag of the NSDAP (1920–1945); flag of German Reich (1935–1945); proposed flag of German Resistance (1944); and the proposed German National Flag (1948); Ghana: flag of the United Kingdom (1821); flag of the Gold Coast (1877); and the naval ensign of Ghana; Gibraltar: coat of arms of Gibraltar; and the flag of Gibraltar; Greece: flag Greek Revolution (1769); flag of Greece (1822-1978); state flag of Greece (1833-1858); state flag of Greece (1858-1862); state flag of Greece (1863-1924); flag of Greece (1970-1975); coat of arms of Greece; and the flag of Greece; Grenada: flag of Cross of Burgundy (1519); royal standard of King Louis XIV (1663); Union Flag (1763); flag of the United Kingdom (1801); civil ensign of Grenada (1974); naval ensign of Grenada (1974); coat of arms of Grenada; and the flag of Grenada; Guatemala: flag of Cross of Burgundy (1519); Guernsey: flag of Guernsey; Guinea-Bissau: flag of Portugal (1667); flag of Portugal (1707); flag of Portugal (1750); flag of Portugal (1816); flag of Portugal (1826); flag of Portugal (1830); and the flag of Portugal (1911); Guyana: flag of British Guiana (1919-1954); Haiti: the Royal Standard of King Louis XIV (1663); and the flag of the Kingdom of Haiti (1811); Herm: flag of Herm; Honduras: flag of Cross of Burgundy (1519); Hungary: coat of arms of the Hungarian Kingdom (15th Century); flag of Hungary (1867-1918); flag of Hungary (1920–1946); flag of Hungary (1946-1949); and the coat of arms of Hungary; Iceland: flag of Denmark (1536); flag of Hvítbláinn (1900); light blue flag of Iceland (1918); coat of arms of Iceland; customs flag of Iceland; ensign of Iceland; flag of Iceland; flag of the President of Iceland; and the state flag of Iceland; India: flag of the British East India Company (1773); red ensign of British Empire (1858); and the flag of the Rear Admiral of the Indian Navy; Ireland: flag of the United Kingdom (1801); and the flag of Saint Patrick; Isle of Man: coat of arms of Isle of Man; Israel: flag of the United Kingdom (1920); and the ensign of Palestine-Mandate (1927-1948); Italy: flag of the Grand Duchy of Tuscany (1848); flag of the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies (1848); flag of Italy (1860); flag of Italy (1861-1946); crowned flag of Italy (1861-1946); naval jack of Italy (1879-1900); Bandiera di Stato e della Marina Mercantile del Governo Provvisorio Toscano (1859); civil ensign of Italy; flag of luogotenente generale in Albania of the Kingdom of Italy; flag of the Carabinieri Gendarmerie; flag of the Italian Navy; flag of Viceroy of the Kingdom of Italy; naval ensign of Italy; and the naval jack of Italy; Jamaica: fag of Jamaica (1655); flag of Jamaica (1875-1906); flag of Jamaica (1906-1957); flag of Jamaica (1957-1962); flag of Jamaica (1962); coat of arms of Jamaica; and the white naval ensign of Jamaica; Jersey: flag of Jersey; Jordan: flag of United Kingdom (1920); Kazakhstan: coat of arms of Kazakhstan; Kenya: flag of United Kingdom (1885); and the flag of British East Africa (1921); Kiribati: flag of United Kingdom (1892); and the flag of Gilbert and Ellice Islands (1937); Kuwait: flag of United Kingdom (1899); Latvia: flag of Sweden (1692); and the flag of German Reich (1941); Lesotho: Union Flag (1795); flag of United Kingdom (1801); flag of Cape Colony (1875); and the flag of Lesoto (1884); Liberia: flag of Liberia (1827-1847); and the flag of Sinoe County; Libya: flag of Italy (1912); and the flag of the United Kingdom (1942-1951); Liechtenstein: coat of arms of Liechtenstein; and the flag of Liechtenstein; Lithuania: flag of Alex K Grundwald (1410); flag of Lithuania (1587); flag of German Reich (1941); coat of arms of Lithuania; naval ensign of Lithuania; state flag of Lithuania; and the standard of the President of Lithuania; Luxembourg: flag of Cross of Burgundy-Low Countries (1482);flag of Austrian Low Countries (1715); flag of German Reich (1940); and the coat of arms of Luxembourg; Macedonia: flag of German Reich (1941); and the flag of Macedonia (1955); Malawi: colonial flag of Nyasaland (1914-1919); flag of Nyasaland (1919-1964); flag of the Federation of Rhodesia and Nyasaland (1953-1963); and the flag of British Central Africa Protectorate; Malaysia: Union Flag (1795); flag of United Kingdom (1801); flag of the British East India Company (1801); flag of the Kingdom of Sarawak (1870-1946); flag of the Straits Settlements (1874-1942); flag of North Borneo (1882-1948); flag of the Crown Colony of Labuan (1912-1946); flag of Penang (1946-1949); flag of Malacca (1946-1957); flag of the Crown Colony of Sarawak (1946-1963); flag of the Crown Colony of North Borneo (1948-1963); and the coat of arms Malaysia; Maldives: flag of United Kingdom (1886); Malta: flag of the Sovereign Military Order of Malta (1530); Union Flag (1800); flag of United Kingdom (1801); flag of Malta (1875-1898); flag of Malta (1898-1923); flag of Malta (1923-1943); flag of Malta (1943-1964); civil ensign of Malta; coat of arms of Luqa; coat of arms of Malta; coat of arms of Marsaxlokk; coat of arms of Senglea; coat of arms of Swieqi; coat of arms of Żabbar; flag of Luqa; flag of Malta; flag of Marsaxlokk; flag of Senglea; flag of Swieqi; and the flag of Żabbar; Martinique: coat of arms of Martinique; Mauritius: flag of United Kingdom (1810); flag of Mauritius (1906); flag of Mauritius (1923); and the coat of arms of Mauritius; Mexico: flag of Cross of Burgundy (1519); Moldova: civil ensign of the Principality of Moldavia (1834-1861); coat of arms of Moldova; flag of Moldova; and the flag of Moldovan Armed Forces; Monaco: flag of Italy (1942); and the coat of arms of Monaco; Montenegro: flag of the Prince-Bishopric of Montenegro (16th Century); coat of arms of Montenegro; flag of Montenegro; and the flag of the Principality of Montenegro; Montserrat: flag of Montserrat (1909); flag of the Governor of Montserra (1909); coat of arms of Montserrat; and the flag of Montserrat Mozambique: flag of Portugal (1667); flag of Portugal (1707); flag of Portugal (1750); flag of Portugal (1816); flag of Portugal (1826); flag of Portugal (1830); and the flag of Portugal (1911); Myanmar: flag of British Burma (1824–1937); and the red ensign of British Empire (1824–1937); Namibia: red ensign of South Africa (1915); and the flag of South Africa (1928); Nauru: flag of Australia (1914); flag of New Zealand (1914); flag of the United Kingdom (1914); civil ensign of Australia (1948-1963); and the coat of arms of Nauru; Netherlands: flag of Burgundy-Low Countries (15th Century); flag of the Netherlands Antilles (1986-2010); coat of arms of Katwijk; coat of arms of Netherlands; flag of Amsterdam; flag of the Austrian Netherlands; flag of the Batavian Republic: flag of Katwijk; and the royal standard of the Netherlands; New Zealand: Union Flag (1769); Proposed flag of New Zealand (1834); flag of New Zealand Government Ships (1867); flag of New Zealand Code Signals (1899); civil air ensign of New Zealand; civil ensign of New Zealand; coat of arms of New Zealand; ensign of the Royal New Zealand Air Force; flag of New Zealand; flag of New Zealand Police; flag of the Governor-General of New Zealand; flag of the United Tribes of New Zealand; government ensign of the United Kingdom; naval ensign of New Zealand; royal standard of New Zealand; and the unofficial flag of the United Tribes of New Zealand; Newfoundland and Labrador: flag of Newfoundland and Labrador; Nicaragua: flag of Cross of Burgundy (1524); and the flag of the Mosquito Coast (1834-1860); Nigeria: flag of the Lagos Colony (1886-1906); flag of the Royal Niger Company (1887-1888); ensign of the Royal Niger Company (1888-1899); flag of the Northern Nigeria Protectorate (1900-1914); flag of the Southern Nigeria Protectorate (1900-1914); flag of the Colony and Protectorate of Nigeria (1914-1960); naval ensign of Nigeria (1960-1998); flag of the British West African Settlements; flag of the Niger Coast Protectorate; and the flag of the Oil Rivers Protectorate; Niue: coat of arms of Niue; and the flag of Niue; Northern Epirus: flag of Autonomous Republic of Northern Epirus (1914); Northern Ireland: flag of Northern Ireland; Norway: Konge Flag (1318); flag of the Kalmar Union (1397-1523); flag of Denmark (1536); flag of Norway (1814–1821); flag of Norwegian Union (1815); Svensk Flag (1815); merchant flag of Sweden and Norway (1818-1844); flag of Norwegian Union (1844-1889); coat of arms of Norway; flag of Norway; and the state flag of Norway; Pakistan: flag of the British East India Company (1849); flag of Imperial India (1858); and the red ensign of British Raj Empire (1880); Palau: flag of Spain (1885); Panama: flag of Cross of Burgundy (1510); flag of Bandera de Costas (1717); and the flag of Spain (1785); Papua New Guinea: flag of the United Kingdom (1884); flag of the Australian/British Territory of Papua (1906-1949); and the flag of the Australian/British Territory of New Guinea (1914-1949); Paraguay: flag of Cross of Burgundy (1537); flag of Bandera de Costas (1717); and the flag of Spain (1785); Peru: flag of Cross of Burgundy (1532); flag of Bandera de Costas (1717); and the flag of Spain (1785); Philippines: flag of Cross of Burgundy (1535); Union Flag (1762); flag of Spain (1821); and the flag of the British East India Company (1762–1764); Pitcairn Islands: flag of Pitcairn Islands; Poland: flag of Chorągiew królewska króla Zygmunta III Wazy (1605); flag of German Reich (1939); and the merchant ensign of Vistula Ships of Congress Poland; Portugal: flag of Portugal (1095); flag of Portugal (1667); flag of Portugal (1707); flag of Portugal (1750); flag of Portugal (1816); flag of Portugal (1826); flag of Portugal (1830); flag of Portugal (1911); coat of arms of Portugal; flag of Madeira; and the flag of Portugal; Prussia: coat of arms of the Grand Master of the Teutonic Order (1410); coat of arms of Royal Prussia (1450); flag of Royal Prussia (1466–1772); coat of arms of the Duchy of Prussia (1525-1633); flag of the Duchy of Prussia (1525–1657); coat of Lesser Arms of the Prince-Elector of Brandenburg (1686); coat of arms of the Prince-Elector of Brandenburg (1686); flag of the Kingdom of Prussia (1701-1750); coat of arms of Prussia (1702); coat of Royal Arms (1709); flag of the Kingdom of Prussia (1750); coat of Prussian Small Arms (1790); flag of the Kingdom of Prussia (1803-1892); coat of arms of Prussia (1815); war flag of Prussia (1816); royal standard of the Crown Prince of Prussia (1871–1892); coat of arms of the Kingdom of Prussia (1871-1914); royal standard of the King of Prussia (1871–1918); coat of Prussian Middle Arms (1873); coat of Greater Arms of Prussia (1873); flag of the Kingdom of Prussia (1892–1918); war flag of Prussia (1895–1918); coat of Arms of the Free State of Prussia (1933); flag of the Free State of Prussia (1933–1935); naval flag of the Free State of Prussia (1933-1935); and the coat of arms of the Kingdom of Prussia; Puerto Rico: coat of arms of Puerto Rico; Rhodesia flag of Southern Rhodesia (1923–1964); flag of the Governor of Southern Rhodesia (1924-1951); flag of Rhodesia and Nyasaland (1953–1963); ensign of the Rhodesian Air Force (1953–1963); flag of Federation of Rhodesia and Nyasaland (1953); flag of Rhodesia (1964–1968); and the ensign of the Rhodesian Air Force (1964–1968); Roman Empire: war flag of the Holy Roman Empire (1200-1350); and the flag of the Free Imperial City of Memmingen; Romania: coat of arms of Romania; Russia: flag of Russia (1668); coat of arms of Russia; flag of Arkhangelsk Oblast; flag of Belgorod Oblast; flag of Perm Krai; flag of Stavropol Krai; flag of the Russian Naval Jack; naval ensign of Russia; and the naval ensign of the Russian Navy; Saint Barthélemy: coat of arms of Saint Barthélemy; Saint Helena: coat of arms of Saint Helena; and the flag of Saint Helena; Saint Kitts and Nevis: Union Flag (1626); flag of Royal Standard of King Louis XIV (1663); and the naval ensign of Saint Kitts and Nevis (1983); Saint Lucia: flag of Royal Standard of King Louis XIV (1663); Union Flag (1762); flag of the United Kingdom (1801); flag of the British Windward Islands (1903-1958); flag of Saint Lucia (1939-1967); and the flag of the Governor-General of Saint Lucia; Saint Pierre and Miquelon: coat of arms of Saint Pierre and Miquelon; Saint Vincent and the Grenadines: flag of Royal Standard of King Louis XIV (1663); Union Flag (1763); flag of the United Kingdom (1801); flag of the British Windward Islands (1903-1958); and the flag of Saint Vincent and the Grenadines (1907-1979); Samoa: flag of New Zealand (1914 - 1920); blue flag of Colonial Samoa (1920-1962); red flag of Colonial Samoa (1922-1925); and the coat of arms of Samoa; San Marino: coat of arms of San Marino; and the flag of San Marino; São Tomé and Príncipe: flag of Portugal (1667); flag of Portugal (1707); flag of Portugal (1750); flag of Portugal (1816); flag of Portugal (1826); flag of Portugal (1830); and the flag of Portugal (1911); Sark: flag of Sark; Scotland: coat of arms of Scotland; flag of Scotland; and the flag of the Royal Regiment of Scotland; Serbia: state flag of Serbia (1882-1918); flag of Republic of Serbian Krajina (1991); flag of Serbia (2004-2010); coat of arms of Serbia; flag of Serbia; flag of the Serbian River Flotilla; standard of the President of Serbia; and the standard of the President of the National Assembly of Serbia; Seychelles: flag of the United Kingdom (1811); flag of Seychelles (1903-1961); flag of Seychelles Governor (1903-1961); flag of Seychelles (1961-1976); flag of Seychelles Governor (1961-1976); and the flag of the Seychelles (1976); Sierra Leone: Union Flag (1792); flag of the United Kingdom (1801); flag of Sierra Leone (1889–1914); and the standard of the President Of Sierra Leon; Singapore: flag of the United Kingdom (1819); flag of the British Straits Settlements (1874); and the flag of Singapore (1946-1959); Slovakia: flag of Austria-Hungary (1869); flag of the State President of Slovakia (1939); war ensign of the Slovak Republic (1939–1945); coat of arms of Slovakia; flag of Slovakia; and the flag of the President of Slovakia; Solomon Islands: flag of the United Kingdom (1893); coat of arms of Solomon Islands; and the naval ensign of the Solomon Islands; Somalia: flag of the United Kingdom (1884); flag of Italy (1888); fag of British Somaliland (1903-1950); and the flag of British Somaliland (1950-1960); South Africa: Union Flag (1795); flag of the United Kingdom (1801); flag of Cape Colony (1875); blue ensign of South Africa (1910-1912); red ensign of South Africa (1910-1912); blue ensign of South Africa (1912-1928); red ensign of South Africa (1912-1928); flag of South Africa (1928-1994); and the flag of Potchefstroom; South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands: flag of South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands; Spain: flag of Cross of Burgundy (1506); Bandera de España (1701-1760); Bandera de España (1760-1785); flag of Spain (1785-1873); coat of arms of Austurias; coat of arms of Basque Country; coat of arms of Spain; flag of Asturias; flag of Basque Country; flag of Castro Urdiales; flag of Logroño; and the flag of Spain; Sri Lanka: flag of British Ceylon (1815–1948); St. Lucia: coat of arms of St. Lucia; Swaziland: flag Cape Colony (1894); and the flag of the United Kingdom (1903); Sweden: flag of the Kalmar Union (1397-1523); merchant flag of Sweden and Norway (1818-1844); civil ensign of Sweden (1844–1905); naval ensign of Sweden (1844-1905); union jack of Sweden and Norway (1844-1905); naval ensign of Sweden; coat of arms of Sweden; and the flag of Sweden; Switzerland: flag of Swiss Cross (15th Century); coat of arms of Schwyz; coat of arms of Kreuzlingen; coat of arms of Switzerland; and the flag of Switzerland; Tajikistan: flag of Russia (1699); Tanzania: flag of German East Africa Company (1891-1919); and the flag of Tanganyika (1919-1961); Togo: flag of Togo; Tokelau: coat of arms of Tokelau; Tonga: flag of the Red Cross (1863); coat of arms of Tonga; flag of Tonga; naval ensign of Tonga; and the royal standard of Tonga; Trinidad and Tobago: flag of Cross of Burgundy (1498); Union Flag (1796); flag of the United Kingdom (1801); colonial flag of Trinidad and Tobago (1889-1962); royal standard of Trinidad and Tobago (1962–1976); coat of arms of Trinidad and Tobago; and the naval ensign of Trinidad and Tobago; Tristan da Cunha: flag of Tristan da Cunha; Turks and Caicos Islands: flag of Turks and Caicos Islands; Tuvalu: flag of the United Kingdom (1892); flag of Gilbert and Ellice Islands (1937); flag of Tuvalu (1976-1978); flag of Tuvalu (1978-1995); flag of Tuvalu (1995); flag of Tuvalu; flag of the Governor-General of Tuvalu; and the state flag of Tuvalu; Uganda: flag of the United Kingdom (1894); flag of the Uganda Protectorate (1914); and the standard of the Governor of the Uganda Protectorate; Ukraine: flag of German Reich (1941); and the naval ensign of Ukraine; United Arab Emirates: flag of the United Kingdom (1892); United Kingdom: Union Flag (1606); civil ensign of the United Kingdom; coat of arms of United Kingdom; ensign of the Royal Air Force; flag of the United Kingdom; government ensign of the United Kingdom; and the naval ensign of the United Kingdom; United States: Union Flag (1606); red ensign of the British Empire (1707); flag of the British East India Company (1707–1801); Grand Union Flag (1775); battle flag of the U.S. Confederacy (1861); Confederate Rebel Flag (1863); naval ensign of the Second Confederate (1863–1865); navy jack of the Second Confederate (1863–1865); Confederate National Flag (1865); flag of Alabama Governor (1868-1939); flag of Alabama (1895); flag of Mississippi (1894); flag of Alabama Governor (1939); flag of Georgia (1956); battle flag of the Army of Northern Virginia; coat of arms of Alabama; flag of Alabama; flag of Apopka, Florida; flag of Clay County, Florida; flag of Collier County, Florida; flag of Coral Springs, Florida; flag of Florida; flag of Hawaii; flag of Hollywood, Florida; flag of Maryland; flag of Miami Dade County, Florida; flag of New Mexico; flag of Oklahoma; flag of Panama City, Florida; flag of Tallahassee, Florida; flag of Wilmington, Delaware; and the flag of Sovereignty or Secession; Uruguay: flag of Cross of Burgundy (1624); flag of Bandera de Costas (1717); and the flag of Spain (1785); U.S. Virgin Islands: coat of arms of U.S. Virgin Islands; Vanuatu: flag of the United Kingdom (1906); flag of the British New Hebrides (1906–1953); flag of the British Resident Commissioner (1906–1953); flag of the British New Hebrides (1953–1980); and the flag of the British Resident Commissioner (1953–1980); Vatican City: flag of Italy (1870); coat of arms of Vatican City; and the flag of Vatican City; Venezuela: flag of Cross of Burgundy (1522); flag of Bandera de Costas (1717); and the flag of Spain (1785); Wallis and Futuna: coat of arms of Wallis and Futuna; West Indies Federation: naval insignia of West Indies Federation (1958-1962); Yemen: red ensign of British Raj Empire (1886); and the flag of the Colony of Aden (1937–1963); Yugoslavia: standard of the King of Yugoslavia (1922–1937); naval ensign of the Kingdom of Yugoslavia (1922-1941); standard of the Marshal of Yugoslavia (1929–1941); standard of the King of Yugoslavia (1937-1941); standard of the Prime Minister of Yugoslavia (1937–1941); standard of the Queen of Yugoslavia (1937-1941); standard of the Prince Regent of Yugoslavia (1937–1941); standard of the Crown Prince of Yugoslavia (1937–1941); standard of a Member of the Royal House (1937–1941); and the standard of the Regent of Yugoslavia (1937–1941); Zambia: flag of the Federation of Rhodesia and Nyasaland; and the flag of Northern Rhodesia (1924); and Zimbabwe: flag of BSAC (1896); flag of Southern Rhodesia (1923); flag of Rhodesia (1964); coat of arms of Zimbabwe; and the flag of the Federation of Rhodesia and Nyasaland.

Roman Cross in the Holy Bible

Because the cross is Greco-Roman in origin, there are 28 references to the term “Cross" in the Holy Bible, the allegorical and metaphorical history book the Roman Empire. The number “28” is telling for it numerically equates “Time Forever” or “To Infinity”.

  1. Matthew 10:38: “And he that taketh not his cross, and followeth after me, is not worthy of me.”;
  2. Matthew 16:24: “Then said Jesus unto his disciples, If any man will come after me, let him deny himself, and take up his cross, and follow me.”
  3. Matthew 27:32: “And as they came out, they found a man of Cyrene, Simon by name: him they compelled to bear his cross.”
  4. Matthew 27:40: “And saying, Thou that destroyest the temple, and buildest it in three days, save thyself. If thou be the Son of God, come down from the cross.”
  5. Matthew 27:42: “He saved others; himself he cannot save. If he be the King of Israel, let him now come down from the cross, and we will believe him.”
  6. Mark 8:34: “And when he had called the people unto him with his disciples also, he said unto them, Whosoever will come after me, let him deny himself, and take up his cross, and follow me.
  7. Mark 10:21: “Then Jesus beholding him loved him, and said unto him, One thing thou lackest: go thy way, sell whatsoever thou hast, and give to the poor, and thou shalt have treasure in heaven: and come, take up the cross, and follow me.”
  8. Mark 15:21: “And they compel one Simon a Cyrenian, who passed by, coming out of the country, the father of Alexander and Rufus, to bear his cross.”
  9. Mark 15:30: “Save thyself, and come down from the cross.”
  10. Mark 15:32: “Let Christ the King of Israel descend now from the cross, that we may see and believe. And they that were crucified with him reviled him.”
  11. Luke 9:23: “And he said to them all, If any man will come after me, let him deny himself, and take up his cross daily, and follow me.”
  12. Luke 14:27: “And whosoever doth not bear his cross, and come after me, cannot be my disciple.”
  13. Luke 23:26: “And as they led him away, they laid hold upon one Simon, a Cyrenian, coming out of the country, and on him they laid the cross, that he might bear it after Jesus.”
  14. John 19:17: “And he bearing his cross went forth into a place called the place of a skull, which is called in the Hebrew Golgotha.”
  15. John 19:19: “And Pilate wrote a title, and put it on the cross. And the writing was Jesus Of Nazareth The King Of The Jews.”
  16. John 19:25: “Now there stood by the cross of Jesus his mother, and his mother's sister, Mary the wife of Cleophas, and Mary Magdalene.”
  17. John 19:31: “The Jews therefore, because it was the preparation, that the bodies should not remain upon the cross on the sabbath day, (for that sabbath day was an high day,) besought Pilate that their legs might be broken, and that they might be taken away.”
  18. 1 Corinthians 1:17: “For Christ sent me not to baptize, but to preach the gospel: not with wisdom of words, lest the cross of Christ should be made of none effect.”
  19. 1 Corinthians 1:18: “For the preaching of the cross is to them that perish foolishness; but unto us which are saved it is the power of God.”
  20. Galatians 5:11: “And I, brethren, if I yet preach circumcision, why do I yet suffer persecution? then is the offence of the cross ceased.”
  21. Galatians 6:12: “As many as desire to make a fair shew in the flesh, they constrain you to be circumcised; only lest they should suffer persecution for the cross of Christ.”
  22. Galatians 6:14: “But God forbid that I should glory, save in the cross of our Lord Jesus Christ, by whom the world is crucified unto me, and I unto the world.”
  23. Ephesians 2:16: “And that he might reconcile both unto God in one body by the cross, having slain the enmity thereby.”
  24. Philippians 2:8: “And being found in fashion as a man, he humbled himself, and became obedient unto death, even the death of the cross.”
  25. Philippians 3:18: “For many walk, of whom I have told you often, and now tell you even weeping, that they are the enemies of the cross of Christ.”
  26. Colossians 1:20: “And, having made peace through the blood of his cross, by him to reconcile all things unto himself; by him, I say, whether they be things in earth, or things in heaven.”
  27. Colossians 2:14: “Blotting out the handwriting of ordinances that was against us, which was contrary to us, and took it out of the way, nailing it to his cross.”
  28. Hebrews 12:2: “Looking unto Jesus the author and finisher of our faith; who for the joy that was set before him endured the cross, despising the shame, and is set down at the right hand of the throne of God.”
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